Siya Gokhale Chapter 5: Osteology
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185 Terms
What are the five major functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, production of blood cells.
What are the two most protected organs of the body?
The brain and spinal cord.
What are ligaments?
Things that hold bones together.
What are tendons?
Things that connect muscles to tendons.
What does hemopoiesis mean?
The creation of blood cells.
Which part of the body are most active in producing blood cells in adults?
Vertebrae, sternum, ribs.
What is the difference between axial and appendicular skeleton?
The axial skeleton is the central part and the appendicular skeleton is the extremities.
How many bones are in the skull?
29
How many bones are in the vertebral column?
26
How many bones are in the ribcage?
25
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126
How many bones are in the human skeleton?
206
What are sutures?
Non movable joints between bones.
What are fontanels?
Soft spots on the fetal skull.
What does para- mean?
With.
What are the four paranasal sinuses?
Frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoidal.
What does the auditory tube (eustachian canal) connect to?
The throat.
What are the three ossicles?
Malleus, incus, and stapes.
What two things cause facial growth?
Teeth and sinuses.
What does congenital mean?
With birth.
What is achondroplastic dwarfism?
Dwarfism in children as a result of deficiency in growth hormone.
What is cleft lip?
Incomplete fusion of maxillae.
How frequent is cleft lip?
1/1000 births.
What is cleft palate?
Partial or incomplete failure of palatine processes of the Maxillae to fuse together.
How frequent is cleft palate?
1/2500 births.
What does dactyl mean?
Digit.
What is spina bifida?
Incomplete fusion of the vertebral arches of the vertabrae.
What is a club foot?
The sole of the foot is turned inward at the ankle.
What is congenital hip discoloration?
Acetabulum of hip is not large enough to hold head of femur in place.
What is ricketts?
Decreased calcium content in intercellular matrix of bone tissue.
What are the symptoms of rickets?
Softening of bones leading to scoliosis and bowed legs.
What causes rickets?
Deficiency of vitamin D in children.
What is osteoporosis?
Decreased calcium content in intercellular matrix of bone tissue.
What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?
Brittle bones easily broken.
What causes osteoporosis?
In elderly women after menopause.
What is acromegaly?
Increased thickening of bones especially the mandible.
What is the name of the disorder that is caused from excess growth hormone in children?
Bigantism.
How do simple fractures look?
The skin does not break.
How do compound fractures look?
The skin is broken.
What are incomplete fractures?
Stress fractures that are not completely broken.
What are comminuted fractures?
Shattered bones.
What are osteomas?
Benign cancer of the bone.
What is osteosarcoma?
Malignant cancer of the bone.
What is the description of a fissure?
Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels pass.
What is the description of a foramen?
Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass.
What is a meatus?
Tubelike opening.
What are paranasal sinuses?
The sinuses surrounding the nose.
What is a groove or sulcus?
Furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessels, nerve, tendon.
What is a fossa?
A shallow depression.
Where is the frontal bone?
The front of the skull.
What are the supraorbital foramina?
Openings for nerves and blood vessels.
What is the zygomatic process of the frontal bone?
Portion of frontal bones that articulates with the zygomatic bone.
What is the occipital bone?
Bone at the back of the skull.
What are the external occipital protuberances?
A bump at the base of the skull.
Where can you only find the frontal suture?
Only on fetal skulls.
What happens at the occipital condyle?
The atlas bone meets the spine and
What goes through the foramen magnum?
The spinal cord.
What are vertebral arteries?
Arteries that conduct blood to the brain.
What do the grooves for the sigmoid sinus do?
Conduct blood through the jugular foramina into the internal jugular veins.
What is the bony area around the external auditory meatus?
Tympanic portions.
Where is the mastoid air sinus located?
By the temporal bones.
What is the medical term for the ear canal?
External auditory meatus.
What passes through the jugular foramen?
The glossopharyngeal nerve, the vagus nerve, the spinal accessory nerve, and the internal jugular vein.
What does the styloid process mean?
The needle like bone where the hyoid bone is attached.
What does the mastoid process mean?
Location of the mastoid air sinus.
Where is the maxilla?
In the upper jaw.
What are alveolar processes?
The tooth sockets.
What is the zygomatic bone?
The cheekbones.
What does Crista galli mean?
Superior portion of the ethmoid bone that projects into the cranial cavity.
Where is the Crista galli located?
The top of the ethmoid bone.
What are olfactory foramina?
The holes where the nerves come up from the nose.
What is the sella turcica?
A concavity in the medial region of the greater wings.
What is the pituitary gland known as?
The master gland.
What is in the sella turcica?
A concavity in the medial region of the greater wings.
What does through the optic canals?
The optic nerves and the ophthalmic arteries.
What goes through the foramen rotundum?
The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerves.
What does through the foramen ovale?
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerves.
What goes through the foramen lacerum?
The internal carotid arteries.
What is the pterygoid process?
The hard palate (roof of the mouth).
How many bones make up the nasal bones?
2 thin bones.
Where are lacrimal bones?
Bones that are located right at the lower medial corners of the orbits.
What goes through the naso-lacrimal canals?
Tears.
What is the hard palate?
The roof of the mouth.
What bone forms the nasal septum?
The vomer bone.
What does septum mean?
Wall.
What is the body of the mandible?
The main part of the jaw.
What goes through the mental foramen?
Nerves and blood vessels.
What does ramus mean?
Branch.
What is the condyloid process?
The thick rounded portion of the mandible that articulates with the temporal bone with the temporal mandibular joint.
What forms the temporal-mandibular joint?
The temporal bone.
What is the coronoid process?
The thin pointed anterior projection of the mandible for the attachment of muscles.
Where is the hyoid bone located?
A u shaped bone located between the mandible and larynx.
What does hyoid bone connect to?
The styloid process.
What two things make up the vertebral arch?
Pedicles and laminae.
What is the spinous process?
The part of the vertebrae that serves for the attachment of ligaments and muscles.
What goes through the vertebral foramen?
The spinal cord.
What is a laminectomy?
The surgical removal of lamina to reach spinal cord.
What are intervertebral foramina?
The holes formed between the articulating vertebrae.
What goes through the intervertebral foramina?
Spinal nerves.