Child development Midterm

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis, proposing the id, ego, and superego, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages.

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorist who introduced operant conditioning and investigated reinforcement schedules using experimental conditioning chambers. He emphasized the role of environment in shaping behavior through rewards and punishments.

Jean Piaget

Developmental psychologist who proposed a four-stage theory of child cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Erik Erikson

Developmental theorist who formulated an eight-stage lifespan model of psychosocial development centered on overcoming distinct identity and developmental crises.

Albert Bandura

Originator of social cognitive theory who demonstrated observational learning through the Bobo doll experiment and introduced the concept of self-efficacy. “If I do something, so will you” emphasizes learning through observation and imitation.

Lev Vygotsky

Pioneer of sociocultural cognitive theory who introduced the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and highlighted the role of social interactions in learning. His work emphasizes that learners can achieve higher understanding through guidance and collaboration with more knowledgeable others.

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist who established the hierarchy of needs, positing that lower-level physiological and safety needs must be met before reaching self-actualization. His theory suggests that individuals are motivated by a series of hierarchical needs, progressing from basic survival to higher-level psychological fulfillment.

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning by pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to elicit a salivary reflex in dogs.

Age of Viability

Marking point where a fetus can potentially survive outside the womb. at approximately 6 months

Standard Birth Weight

Normal baseline weight for healthy newborns ranges from 7 to 8 pounds

One year expected growth

expected scale is 3 times the initial birth weight

Cooing

2 to 3 Months

Babbling

6 months

comprehend speech

8 months

Imitation

9 Months

1 to 2 words

12 months

18-to-50-word vocabulary

18 months

200-word vocab/ 3-word phrases

3 years/ 36 months

14,000-word vocab

6 years

first 2 weeks of pregnancy

Germinal Period

3 - 8 week of pregnancy

Embryonic Period

Week 9 until birth

Fetal period (fetus)

Embryo

refers to the developing human from day 14 to day 56

Around 38 weeks to prepare the mother and fetus for labor

The fetal brain signals the release of hormones, specifically oxytocin

APGAR

Appearance (skin color), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (cry), Activity ( muscle tone), Respiration (breathing)

miscarriage

loss of fetus before 5 months

Stillbirth

death of fetus

Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH)

high blood pressure

Preeclampsia

Abnormal proteins in the urine along with hypertension; leading cause of death for pregnant person

Neonate

newborn to 1 month

Kangaroo care

Swaddling; squeezing tight; skin to skin

Lactation

production of milk

colostrum

fluid before breast milk

Teratogen

Anything that increases the risk of prenatal abnormalities. (tobacco, alcohol, malnutrition, drugs)

Behavioral Teratogens

No physical defects but affects the brain, making a child hyperactive, antisocial, or learning-disabled.

Anoxia

Lack of oxygen

Proximodisal

growth goes from inside out (chest/arm/hands and legs/feet

Cephalocaudal

growth from top down (brain first)

Myelin

The white matter of the brain, which is a fatty coating that helps spend signals between neurons

Synaptogenesis

synapses are the gaps between neurons

Synaptic Pruning

Neurons are lost due to lack of appropriate stimulation

Babies in bed

placed on back to sleep; no pillows, blankets or toys; swaddling or blanket sacks; regular bedtime routines

Infants during the first 2 months sleep a total of

14 to 17 hours a day but only 1 to 3 hours at a time

Colic

continuous crying and can’t be comforted; mostly during 2nd and 3rd month

Breast feeding

recommend for at least 6 months or longer

Solid food

5 to 6 months

In the first year the babies’ weight should increase by

3 times.

Survival reflex

rooting and sucking

Moro reflex

parachute reflex if the baby’s head is dropped

Palmer Reflex

baby’s finger grips object placed in palm

Fine motor skills

Fingers and Toes

Gross motor skills

Legs and arms

Start to lift chin at 1 month so you should start

Tummy time

around 6 months babies can begin to

Roll over

Joint attention

when 2 or more individuals pay attention to the same thing (Point)

Sensorimotor

ages (0-2) Everything goes into the infants’ mouth; infants and toddlers advance in movements

Object permanence

Around 8 months infants will search for an object that is covered; realize that things not seen still exist.

Information processing theory

The perspective that compares human thinking to computer analysis

Infant amnesia

belief that infants remember nothing; one reason may be infants are preverbal

Selective amnesia

events of early years are not remembered, but strong emotions may leave traces for life.

Parentese/ motherese/ baby talk

how we talk with babies

1. 1. Need to be taught

2. 2. social impulse

3. 3. Infants teach themselves (genetically programmed)

Theories of language learning

Dynamic perception

Infants love to move; the focus on this movement

Toddlers, from ages 12 to 15 months, use lots of of creative exploration and trial and error learning. Piaget calls these toddlers

Little scientist

cognition

thinking

An infant will begin to "social smile," when seeing a human face, around the age of

6 weeks

Separation anxiety and stranger wariness, that may become evident around 9 months, are examples of which emotion?

Fear

Temper tantrums, also called the "terrible twos," happen because the toddlers have advanced in

both memory and mobility

Tempermant

The inborn differences in emotions, activities, and self-regulation

Synchrony

the smooth and rapid exchange between a infant and his or her caregiver

Insecure attachment

The pattern in which an infant does not connect with the caregiver

Trust vs. Mistrust

first life crisis according to Erikson

Maslow

Humanism, that describes the hierarchy of needs

Obesity

increasing problem with many preschoolers today

"Baby teeth" are replaced

6 to 10 years old

Most children have a dominant hand for throwing or eating by age

2

corpus collosum

part of the brain grows and myelinates rapidly during the early childhood years

Limbic

system of the brain controls emotions

Child neglect

The failure to meet a child's basic needs--physical, educational, and/or emotional

Neglect

The type of maltreatment that has increased instead of decreased