LAGOS CASE STUDY (Urban issues and challenges) aqa gcse

where is Lagos situated

Lagos which is in Nigeria is in the continent of Africa. It is above the equator and is in the West of Africa and Lagos is found near the coast and is situated in the south-west of Nigeria and is not the capital city.

Lagos Nationally facts

• Lagos is the centre of trade and commerce

• 80% of Nigeria industry is based in Lagos

• city is account for 58% of the manufacturing

• Main financial sector of Nigeria

Lagos Regionally facts

• large population = market for consumption

• 1999 tax in Lagos started 600 mil Kip ($3.7 mil) a month

• 480,000 in 1990 to 4.1 million in 2014 of middle class people

Lagos Internationally facts

• new wave of foreign companies are moving in

• Lagos is the seventh fast growing city in the world

• Has international flights to many global destination via their main airport (LOS)

Lagos Natural increase facts and overall impact

high birth rate - average is just 18 year old 

Falling death rate - better healthcare →few infant mortality rate

overall impact - city grows 3% every year 

Lagos Migration examples

Job opportunities - formal employment (pull)

environmental problems - desertification (push)

better education - access to uni (pull)

security issues - violence from groups (push)

Lagos - SOCIAL ( water supply)

water supply

• 10% of homes have access to piped water of clean water

  • community borehole schemes, funded by charities

Lagos - SOCIAL (Energy)

• power stations were placed to reduce power shortage

  • the solar home system (SHS) - government help pay for the solar panels

Lagos - SOCIAL (Health) facts

• built special hospitals for the growing populations  - mother and children centres 

  • life expectancy is 54.5 years 

Lagos - SOCIAL (education)

• literacy rate is around 69% as of 2022 data

• 33% of children that have reached primary school age have dropped out to help parents that are in poverty

Economic stimulus

traffic congestion - rapid urban growth in Lagos created lots of traffic. average commuter experiencing 70 minutes of daily delays in 2024

Informal settlement - rapid urbanisation created squatter settlements around Lagos. Approximately 70% of Lagos's population resides in informal settlements

Worker exploitation - some workers are underpaid with some foreign companies taking this as an advantage. Nationally, the most common form of exploitation for registered victims is forced labour (70%)

Challenges In lagos 

slums and squatter settlements,

water and sanitation,

unemployment and crime,

traffic congestion 

slums/ squatter settlement (limitation, main strategy and statistics)

limitations - overcrowding diseases and forced evictions.

main strategy - LEEK: sit and scheme work

Statistics - 75% people live in squatter settlement

Water and sanitation  (limitation, main strategy and statistics)

limitations - overuse of groundwater, diseases 

main strategy - water master plan 2040

statistics - 10% of population have piped water 

Unemployment and crime (Limitation, main strategy and statistics)

Limitations - most jobs in informal sector

main strategy - Lagos employment funds

statistics - 90% of jobs are in the informal sector

Waste disposal  (limitation, main strategy and statistics)

limitations - waste collection still doesn’t reach all areas 

main strategy - sustainable circular economy 

statistics - only 13% is recycled 

Traffic congestion (Limitation, main strategy and statistics)

limitations - high infrastructure cost and construction delay

main strategy - BRT and Blue line Rails

Statistics - air pollution is 5% greater than international recommended limit due to traffic congestion

Urban planning

Makoko floating school

• building a school in the middle of a lake→ space is efficiently used eg: more space for farmland and sewage systems

• Environmentally sustainable - helps communities to withstand rising sea levels