2101 Block Test 1&2

Do the outer parts of the propeller blade spin faster or slower than the portions near the hub? Why?

Faster. Because the AOA and air varies along the length of the blade.

Why are the propellers “twisted”?

Allows them to operate with a relatively constant AOA when in straight and level flight.

What two motions does the propeller AOA have?

Propeller rotation about its axis and its forward motion.

What is torque?

The left turning tendency of the airplane made up of four elements produce a rotating motion around at least one of the airplane’s three axes.

What are an airplane’s three axes?

The longitudinal axis (roll, nose to tail,) lateral axis (pitch), and vertical axis (yaw, left and right)

What are the four turning tendencies?

Torque reaction from engine and propeller

Corkscrewing effect of the slipstream

Gyroscopic action of the propeller

Asymmetric loading of the propeller (P-factor)

What is torque reaction?

Refers to newtons law of equal and opposite reaction. When the propeller is spinning in one direction, the fuselage wants to go in the opposite direction. (Why plane wants to roll or yaw to the left)

What is the corkscrew effect?

The high speed of an airplanes propeller strikes the tail and causes a yawing movement about the aircrafts vertical axis.

What is gyroscopic action?

When your propeller is spinning one way, the tail wants to spin the opposite way.

What is asymmetric loading (P-factor)?

When you’re at high angles of attack, the right blade is catching more air resulting in a yaw to the left.

What are the four forces of flight?

Weight, Lift, Thrust, and Drag

What is weight?

A force that pulls the aircraft down because of gravity

What is lift?

A force that is produced by air acting on the airfoil (lifting action)

What is thrust?

The forward force produced by the propeller

What is drag?

A rearward force caused by the disruption of airflow from either the wing, rotor, or fuselage. “Slows down” the aircraft.

What forces act against each other?

Weight opposes lift, and lift opposes weight. Thrust opposes drag and drag opposes thrust.

What happens in level flight when the engine RPM is reduced?

Thrust is lessened resulting in the aircraft slowing down. As long as thrust is less than drag, the aircraft continues to decelerate.

What happens in level flight when the engine RPM is increased?

Thrust becomes greater than drag and the aircraft speed increases. As long as thrust is greater than drag, the aircraft will accelerate.

If you want to balance lift and weight at a low speed, what must you do?

Make your AOA relatively high

If thrust and airspeed both decrease, lift will become less than weight and the aircraft will do what?

Start to descend

In level flight, when thrust is increased, the aircraft speeds up and what happens?

The lift increases

To recover from a stall in an aircraft, what must happen to the AOA?

It must be reduced

Define angle of attack

Angle between a plane’s wing and the relative wind

Define the chord line

A line drawn through an airfoil from the leading edge to the trailing edge

What is the relationship between best glide speed and aerodynamic drag?

The best glide speed corresponds to an angle of attack which gives the best lift-to-drag ratio. At this speed, the airplane develops the least amount of drag which results in the least loss of altitude per distance traveled.

What is best glide speed?

68 knots

What does Vso mean and what is the speed?

Stall speed in landing configuration at max weight at 40 knots

What does Vs1 mean and what is the speed?

Stall speed in cruise configuration at max weight and most forward CG at 48 knots

What is Vr and what is the speed?

Rotation speed at 55 knots

What is Vref and what is the speed?

Landing reference speed at 61 knots

What is Vx and what is the speed?

Best angle of climb speed at 62 knots

What is Vg and what is the speed?

Best glide speed at 68 knots

What is Vy and what is the speed?

Best rate of climb speed at 74 knots

What is Vfe and what is the speed?

Maximum flaps extended speed 110/85 knots

What is Va and what is the speed?

Maneuvering speed at 90-105 knots

What is Vno and what is the speed?

Maximum structural cruising speed at 129 knots

What is Vne and what is the speed?

Never exceed speed at 163 knots

How does slow speed effect stalls?

The slower the speed the higher the AOA. If you have slow speed and exceed critical AOA you will stall.

What are the two components of the force of lift during a turn?

Vertical component of lift and the horizontal component of lift (centripetal force)

What is the vertical component of lift?

Refers to the lift generated by an aircraft’s wings that opposes its weight.

What is the horizontal component of lift?

The force that pulls the aircraft from a straight path to make it turn

What is centrifugal force?

The “equal and opposite reaction” of the aircraft to the change in direction and acts equal and opposite to the horizontal component of lift

What certificates are required to be onboard an aircraft?

A: Airworthiness Certificate

R: Registration

R: Radio Station License (International flights only)

O: Operating Handbook

W: Weight and Balance

What does the operating limitations certificate include?

Airplane flight manual (AFM), POH, and specific aircraft registration and serial number.

Which inspection can be superseded by the annual inspection?

100-hour inspection

What maneuver is being used during a power off stall?

An accidental stall occurring during approach to landing

What maneuver is being simulated during a power on stall?

This helps the pilot recognize the potential for an accidental stall during takeoff, go around, climb, or when trying to clear an obstacle

What maneuver is being simulated during slow flight?

To represent the takeoff and landing phases of flight

During taxi if there is a headwind from the left, what should the yoke be doing?

Elevator up (pull back), and aileron to the left

During taxi if there is a headwind from the right, what should the yoke be doing?

Elevator up (pull back), and aileron to the right

During taxi if there is a tailwind to the left, what should the yoke be doing?

Elevator down, aileron to the right

During taxi if there is a tailwind to the right, what should the yoke be doing?

Elevator down, aileron to the left

What is the altimeter setting?

Station pressure reduced to sea level, but only accurate in said stations vicinity. Used to indicate altitude

What is indicated altitude?

Read directly from the altimeter when it is set to the current altimeter setting.

What is true altitude?

The vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level, the (actual) altitude

What is absolute altitude?

the vertical distance of an aircraft above a terrain, or above ground level

What type of flap system is used on the Cessna 172S?

Single slot type

How does the single slot type wing flaps work?

The control lever is moved up or down in a slotted panel that provides mechanical stops at the 10°, 20° and FULL positions

What is the total capacity of the Cessna 172 oil sump?

8 quarts