1.6 Transformations

Equation variables.

General form

y=af(bx ± c) ± d

y=f(x)+d

add 'd' to y-coordinates

y=f(x)-d

subtract 'd' from y-coordinates

y=f(x+c)

subtract 'c' from x-coordinate

y=f(x-c)

add 'c' to x-coordinate

y=-f(x)

reflect over x axis. multiply y-coordinate by -1.

y=f(-x)

reflect over y axis. multiply x-coordinate by -1.

y= a * f(x) when |a| > 1

multiply y-coordinate by the absolute value of 'a'. vertical stretch.

y= a * f(x) when 0 < |a| < 1

multiply y-coordinate by the absolute value of 'a'. vertical shrink.

y=f(b * x) when |b| > 1

multiply x-coordinate by the absolute value of 1/b.

y=f(b * x) when 0 < |b| < 1

multiply x-coordinate by the absolute value of 1/b.