Stuttering Assessment and Intervention

Vocabulary flashcards covering stuttering evaluation, direct and indirect treatments, fluency shaping, stuttering modification, and counseling-based therapeutic models.

Indirect Treatment for Preschoolers

An intervention approach where treatment is directed toward others to modify the child's environment and communication patterns rather than directly targeting the child's speech.

Direct Treatment for Preschoolers

An intervention targeting the child's speech directly, indicated when the child shows signs of tension or struggle, has not benefited from indirect therapy, or exhibits negative self-talk or speech cessation during disfluent moments.

Conventional SLD Cutoff for Multilingual Children

The standard $3\%$ stuttering-like disfluency benchmark, which multilingual children who do not stutter may naturally exceed.

Increasing Response Time

A parental communication modification designed to decrease communication pressure by introducing an intentional $2\text{-second}$ delay before responding to the child.

Illinois Program

A direct treatment program for preschoolers utilizing slow-stretched speech ('turtle talk'), based on the assumption that stuttering stems from movement mistiming and planning difficulties, incorporating stuttering modification, fluency shaping, and parent counseling.

Turtle Talk

The clinical term used in the Illinois Program to describe slow-stretched speech.

Fluency Rules Program

A play-based fluency shaping program for preschool and early grade school-aged children that uses visual cues and reminders to build disfluency awareness and self-monitoring across Universal, Primary, and Secondary rules.

Universal Rules (Fluency Rules Program)

Rules 1 through 3 that address speech rate, repetitions, and prolongations: 'speak slowly,' 'say a word one time,' and 'say it short.'

Primary Rules (Fluency Rules Program)

Rules 4 through 6 ('speech breathing,' 'start Mr. Voice Box running smoothly,' and 'touch the speech helpers tightly'), introduced if universal rules alone do not eliminate stuttering to teach physiologic differences between stuttered and non-stuttered speech.

Secondary Rules (Fluency Rules Program)

Rule 7 ('use only the speech helpers to talk'), introduced as soon as a secondary behavior is eliminated.

Fluency Shaping Approach

A therapy approach that focuses on modifying speech production to increase fluency and prevent stuttering moments from occurring, commonly described as learning a new speech pattern that alters speech timing and tension.

Secondary Methods in Fluency Shaping

Supplementary speech modification techniques used alongside prolonged speech, including gentle voice/easy onset, light articulatory contact, continuous airflow, and phrasing strategies.

Phrasing Strategies

A fluency shaping technique that involves grouping spoken utterances into shorter phrases.

Fluency-Inducing Instruments

Acoustic and sensory devices used to enhance fluency, including the metronome, auditory masking, and altered auditory feedback (such as delayed auditory feedback).

Stuttering Modification Steps

The four progressive stages of stuttering modification therapy: Identification, Desensitization, Modification, and Stabilization.

Cancellation

A stuttering modification technique applied after a stuttered moment has occurred, requiring the speaker to repeat the stuttered word in a relaxed manner.

Within-Block Modifications (Pull-Outs)

A stuttering modification technique applied during a stuttering moment to reduce tension, transition out of the block, and complete the word.

Preparatory Sets

A stuttering modification technique used before an anticipated stuttering moment to replace tense preparatory postures with gentle airflow, voicing, light articulatory contact, and an easy onset.

Stabilization (Stuttering Modification)

The final stage of stuttering modification where the client generalizes skills across environments and situations, acts as their own clinician, and gradually reduces time spent with the speech clinician.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A counseling framework based on the premise that unhelpful thoughts generate negative emotions and behaviors (e.g., avoidances, social withdrawal, safety behaviors), working to replace unhelpful thoughts with adaptive thought patterns.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

A form of CBT that emphasizes rational, logical reasoning to identify, examine, and dispute irrational core beliefs that generate unhealthy emotions and behaviors.

Avoidance Reduction Therapy

A stuttering therapy rooted in approach-avoidance conflict theory that focuses on eliminating avoidance behaviors, leaving the speaker with a less tense, forward-moving stutter and an improved quality of life.

CARE Model

A strengths-based intervention framework that shifts focus from reducing stuttering toward strengthening overall communication effectiveness across four pillars: Communication, Advocacy, Resiliency, and Education.

Stuttering-Affirming Therapy

An intervention philosophy that fosters positive stuttering identities by viewing stuttering as identity rather than pathology, emphasizing three steps: reject fluency, value stuttering, and advocacy.