Exam #1

Developmental Psychology

a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan

Define Theory

an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior

Nature vs. Nurture?

are genetic or environmental factors more important? Nurture being all the external and environmental factors that affect human development. Nature being biological/genetic predispositions that impact traits\*

Resilience

the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development

Charles Darwin

his theory prompted other researchers to study child development

Vygotsky

sociocultural

Piaget

cognitive developments

Freud

psychosexual stages, psychoanalytic stages

Erikson

psychosocial

Bowlby

theory of attachment

Psychoanalysis

people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

Psychosexual stages

how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development

id

basic biological needs and desires

ego

conscious, rational part of personality, redirect id impulses to acceptable behaviors

superego

conscience, conform to the values of society

Psychosocial Stages

in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society

Stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Behaviorism

directly observable events-stimuli and responses-are the best focus of study

Ethology

study of adaptive value of behavior and its evolutionary history

Social Learning Theory

theory that people learn by observing and imitating others

Attachment theory

focuses on relationships and bonds between people

Cross-sectional studies

different groups at the same time

Sequential studies

several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies at various times

Correlational

causation problem

Longitudinal

same group over time

Random Assignment

randomly assign participants to treatment conditions

Theories of human development

describe, explain and predict behavior

Theories that regard human development as taking place in a series of stages emphasize a _____ perspective

discountinous

Theorists who emphasize _____ are most likely to focus on the importance of _____

environmental influences, nurture

According to the lifespan perspective

development is a lifelong process

______ is the factor that explains why some children growing up in difficult circumstances thrive, while others are less successful

resilience

Changes in voting rights for minorities as a result of the civil rights movements of the 1960’s are an example of a(n) ________________ influence

history-graded

Jane’s decision to put off having children until her late 30’s until after her career was well-established is an example of a(n) __________________ influence

nonnormative

Which of the following factors helped spark the post World War II baby-boom

economic growth and prosperity

Although their assessments were designed for different purposes, Hall, Gessell, and Binet all took a _____________ approach to child development

normative

The primary purpose of the first intelligence tests was to

identify children who needed special education services

According to psychoanalytic theorists, people move through a series of stages in which they

confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

Erikson expanded on Freud's psychosexual theory by

adding three adult stages

According to the behaviorist approach, psychological research should focus on

directly observable events

According to Bandura's social-cognitive approach to development, which of the following statements or questions would most likely foster a child's sense of self-efficacy

I’m proud of how hard you work on your homework

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory focuses on

qualitative changes in the way children think through adaptation

A major strength of the information-processing approach is its

commitment to rigorous research methods

According to developmental cognitive neuroscience, the brain is highly plastic and especially open to growth in response to experience for the first ____ years of life

5

Vygotsky believed that __________ support development of cultural values

cooperative dialogues between children and more knowledgeable members of society

What two factors insulate immigrant youths from delinquency, early pregnancy, drug use, and other high-risk behaviors

family relationships and school

Ethnographers strive to minimize their influence on the culture they are observing by

becoming part of the cultural community they are studying

What is the major limitation of correlational research

It does not allow us to infer cause-and-effect relationships between variables

An experimental design permits inferences about cause and effect because

the researcher directly manipulates changes in the independent variable by exposing participants to the treatment conditions

What is a hypothesis

a prediction about behavior drawn from a theory

If 10-year-old Misha decides that she does not want to continue in a study, the researcher should

discontinue immediately

Continuous

a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with

Discontinuous

a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times

Plasticity

open to change in response to influential experiences

Lifespan perspective

1. Lifelong 2. Multidimensional and multidirectional 3. Highly plastic 4. Affected by multiple, interacting forces

Normative approach

which measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development

Genotypes

genetic makeup of an individual

Phenotypes

observable characteristics of an individual

Donor Insemination

injection of sperm from an anonymous man into a woman

In Vitro Fertilization

women given hormones to stimulate the ripening of several ova

Surrogate mother

in vitro fertilization may be used to impregnate a woman called a surrogate with a couples fertilized ovum

Adoption

process of getting a baby that is not the adoptive parents baby

What are the risk factors of down syndrome

intellectual disability, memory and speech problems, limited vocabulary, slow motor development

Amniocentesis

tests for chromosomal abnormalities & fetal infections

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Taking a sample of tissue from the placenta to test for chromosomal abnormalities and certain other genetic problems

Fetoscopy

uses a fetoscope to evaluate or treat a fetus during pregnancy

Maternal blood analysis

simple blood test to measure amount of two proteins (hCG & PAPP-A)

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

laboratory procedure used to decrease the risk of passing on inherited conditions

Genetic Counseling

a communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals

Zygote

2 weeks

Embryonic

6 weeks

Fetus

30 weeks

What is viability

the point at which the baby can first survive

when does viability occur

22-26 weeks

what are teratogens

harmful substances that hurt the development of babies in the womb

are babies susceptible to teratogens in the first two weeks

no

why is it recommended to take folic acid

It reduces by more than 70% abnormalities of the neural tube

what does stress do to a developing fetus

causes prematurity, low birth weight, colic, and infant respiratory illnesses

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

a congenital syndrome associated with excessive consumption of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy

What is Rubella

an illness that a mother gets during pregnancy that causes deafness, heart, genital, bone intestinal and dental defects in baby

What is toxoplasmosis

a teratogen that comes from cat litter (feces)

What is Kangaroo care

skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby

What is the Moro reflex

also known as the “embracing” reflex, when a newborn puts their arms out and then brings them back in

What is the rooting reflex

when a baby searches for its mother’s nipple when touched on the side of the face

What is SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome. when a baby between 1 month to 12 months suddenly dies (most often at night) and usually due to physical problems from the beginning

What sense is most developed at birth

touch

What sense is least developed at birth

vision

Apgar scale

used to assess the newborn’s physical condition

The ______________ stage lasts from implantation until about 8 weeks from the time of conception (or the 10th week of pregnancy).

embryonic

the period of the fetus lasts from

the ninth week to the end of pregnancy

the age of viability is between ______ to _____

22-26 weeks

Substances that may produce physical or functional defects in the human embryo or fetus after the pregnant woman is exposed to the substance are called

teratogens

healthy maternal weight gain is between ___ and ____

25-30 pounds

__________ supplementation at the time of conception greatly reduces the likelihood of __________

Folic acid; neural tube defects

Berk reports that maternal stress on the developing organism can be greatly reduced if

the mother has access to social support

use of nicotine during pregnancy may lead to

low birth weight

the effects of teratogens

vary with the age of the organism at the time of exposure

Many people say that pregnant women should be “eating for two,” how many more calories should a pregnant woman eat each day

300

____ is the reflex that helps the neonate find the nipple before they have learned how to feed from their mother’s breast.

rooting reflex

When caught off guard by the crash of thunder, 2-month-old Daiane arches her back, flails her arms outward, and then quickly brings them together in an embrace. Which of the following reflexes did the loud crash of thunder trigge

Moro reflex

Mounting evidence suggests that SIDS results from

impaired brain functioning