Knowt Head and Neck

What’s the ultra-long extra credit word, and each of its roots’ definitions that we have to know?

Define foramen

A rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

Define sinus or antrum

A chamber within a bone normally filled with air

Define meatus or canal

A passageway through the substance of a bone

Define fissure

An elongated cleft

Define process

Any projection or bump

Define ramus

An extension of a bone making an angle to the rest of the structure

This muscle compresses the cheek as you’re drinking through a straw

Buccinator

This muscle closes the eye

Orbicularis oculi

This muscle compresses the bridge of the nose

Nasalis

This muscle depresses the lower lip

Depressor labii superioris

This muscle elevates the lip

Levator labii superioris

This muscle allows flaring of the nostrils and raising of the lip

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

This muscle allows pressing of the lips together, the “kissing muscle”

Orbicularis oris

This muscle raises the mouth in smiling

Levator anguli oris

This muscle pulls the mouth down, as in sad or frowning

Depressor anguli oris

This is the second muscle that raises the mouth, as in smiling

Zygomaticus major and minor

This is the muscle that draws the corners of the mouth laterally, grimace

Risorius

This muscle elevates and protrudes the lower lip

Mentalis

Label the facial muscles from this anterior view

1) Orbicularis oculi 2) Nasalis 3) Orbicularis orus 4) Risorius 5) Mentalis 6) Levator labii superioris 7) Buccinator 8) Depressor anguli oris 9) Depressor labii inferioris 10) Sternal head of sternocleidomastoid 11) Clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid 12) Trapezius

Label the facial muscles from a lateral view

1) Levator anugli oris 2) Nasalis 3) Zygomaticus major 4) Levator labii superioris 5) Depressor anguli oris 6) Zygomaticus minor 7) Orbicularis oris 8) Mentalis 9) Depressor labii inferioris 10) Sternocleidomastoid 11) Buccinator

What are the muscles of Facial Expression (Scalp)

Occipitofrontalis (frontal belly or frontalis for wrinkling the forehead and occipital belly or occipitalis for tensing the scalp), Temporoparietalis - moves auricle of the ear (ear wiggles), Galea aponeurotica : tendinous sheet that connects fontalis to occipitalis

What are the extra ocular muscles?

Medial and lateral rectus muscles, superior and inferior rectus muscles, superior and inferior oblique muscles

Label the extra ocular muscles

1) Superior rectus 2) Lateral rectus 3) Inferior oblique 4) Superior oblique 5) Medial rectus 6) Inferior rectus

What eye muscle is tested by up and to the right

Left inferior oblique/Right superior rectus

What eye muscle is tested by down and to the right

Left superior oblique/Right superior rectus

What eye muscle is tested by right (lateral gaze)

Left medial rectus/Right lateral rectus

What eye muscle is tested by Left (lateral gaze)

Right medial rectus/Left lateral rectus

What eye muscle is tested by up and to the left

Right inferior oblique / Left superior rectus

What eye muscle is tested by down and to the left

Right superior oblique / Left inferior rectus

What are the muscles of mastication

Masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids

What is the clinical test for the muscles of mastication?

“Motor test for trigeminal nerve” - ask patient to clench their teeth while you feel both masseter and temporalis muscles contract. Then ask them to open their jaw against resistance and watch whether it deviates to one side

Label the muscles of mastication

1) Temporalis 2) Masseter

What muscle is labeled here?

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Minor muscles are _____ major muscles

superior or above

What cranial nerve is responsible for lateral rectus?

Cranial Nerve 6 (Abducens)

What cranial nerve is responsible for the superior oblique?

Cranial Nerve 4 (Trochlear)

What cranial nerve is responsible for all other extra ocular muscles besides Lateral rectus and Superior oblique?

Cranial Nerve 3 (Oculomotor)

What cranial nerve is responsible for the muscles of mastication?

Cranial Nerve 5 (trigeminal)

Where is the hyroid bone found

Anterior to C3, third cervical vertebrae

What is the C1?

The Atlas. Anterior and posterior arch with tubercle, lateral mass that enable C1 to attach to the skull, transverse foramen which the vertebral artery runs through.

What injury is associated with C1?

Diving into shallow pool, C1 shatters (Jefferson’s fracture) and fragments of the bone can cut the spinal chord, causing paralysis.

What is the C2?

Axis or epistropheus. Transverse foramen, transverse ligament

C1 and C2 allow you to:

Rotate your head left and right

How many of each vertebrate are there?

7 Cervical vertebrate, 12 thoracic vertebrate, 5 lumbar vertebrate

C1 and Skull allow you to:

look up and down

What anterior muscles of the neck are Supra?

TOSS, Thyrohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid

What anterior muscles of the neck are Infra?

My Gravy Spoon Darling, Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Stylohoid, Digastric

What 3 structures does the carotid sheath encase?

The vagus nerve, the jugular vein, the common carotid artery

What are arteries split from the internal carotid arteries?

The anterior cerebral artery, the middle cerebral artery, the posterior communicating artery

What is the basilar artery formed from?

The two vertebral arteries

What are the 3 arteries split from the basilar artery?

The posterior cerebral artery, the superior cerebellar artery, the anterior inferior cerebellar artery

What are arteries split from the vertebral arteries?

Anterior spinal artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery, dorsal spinal artery

This is the word for when an artery can join another artery in a loop/circuit

Anastamosis

What are the 3 arteries that supply blood to the cerebellum?

SAP: Superior cerebellar artery, Anterior inferior cerebellar, Posterior inferior cerebellar

Which arteries make up the Circle of Willis?

Vertebral arteries, Basilar artery, Posterior cerebral arteries, posterior communicating arteries, internal carotid arteries, Middle cerebral arteries, anterior communicating arteries, anterior cerebral arteries

What part of the brain does the Anterior cerebral artery supply blood to?

The frontal cortex, involved in higher thinking

What part of the brain does the Middle Cerebral artery supply blood to?

Primary motor cortex and sensorimotor cortex (move and feel your head, arms, and legs)

What is a stationary clot and what is a moving clot?

Thrombus is a stationary clot and embolus is a moving clot

What are the two major triangles the neck is divided into?

Anterior triangle, Posterior triangle

What are the 4 smaller triangles within the anterior triangle

Submental, submandibular, carotid, muscular

What are the 2 smaller triangles within the posterior triangle? What muscle separates them?

occipital triangle, supraclavicular triangle, separated by the sternocleidomastoid muscle

What is the OINA of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Origin: sternum and clavicle Insertion: inserted into the mastoid process, which will move Nerve: Cranial Nerve XI (Spinal accessory nerve) Action: When boths SCMs contract, you look down

What are the borders of the posterior triangle?

A - Sternocleidomastoid muscles, P - Trapezius muscles, I - clavicle, S - apex; SCM and traps meet

What are the borders of the anterior triangle?

A - median center line (midline), P - sternocleidomastoid, I - apex; SCM and midline, S - lower border of mandible

What is the largest endocrine gland?

Thyroid gland

What does the thyroid gland span?

Anterior neck from Levels C5 to T1

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

Metabolism and calcium regulation (T3 and T4)

What united the lobes of the thyroid gland?

Isthmus

Where is the parathyroid gland found?

posterior surface of thyroid

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

Aids in calcium metabolism (PTH)

If blood calcium goes down, what gland responds?

Parathyroid releases PTH, osteoclasts breaks down bone, blood calcium goes back up

If blood calcium goes up, what gland responds?

Thyroid gland releases calcitonin, osteoclasts build bone by putting Ca2+ in, blood calcium goes back down

What are the three “features of the pharnyx’

Nasopharynx (air passage), Oropharnyx (food and air), Laryngopharnyx (food and air, location of epiglottis)

What are the 3 functions of the pharnyx?

Provides open airway, routes food and air into proper tubes, voice production

What is deglutition

swallowing

What is the epiglottis

Flap of elastic cartilage that shuts off the larynx and trachea from incoming food, only works in conscious people

What is “inflamed vocal chords”

Laryngitis

What are vocal folds

True vocal chords that vibrate with air coming up from the lungs, space between them is rima glottidis

Technically, for the purposes of this class, this artery has “no direct branches” before it enters the cranium (Idk about that)

Internal carotid artery

What are the arteries that branch off of the external carotid artery?

SALFOPMS - Superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary, superficial temporal

Where does the external carotid artery supply blood?

Supplies blood to structures in the neck and face

What are the 4 principle human tissue types

epithelium (covering), connective (support), muscle (movement), nervous (control)

This position is standing with the feet flat on the floor, hand at the side, palms facing forward

Anatomical position

This position is with the body lying down face up in the anatomical position

Supine

This position is with the body lying down face down in the anatomical position

Prone

What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants clockwise from upper right looking at the body in supine position

Top right is left upper quadrant, top left is right upper quadrant, bottom left is right lower quadrant, bottom right is left lower quadrant

What are the 9 body regions of the abdomen, from right to left, top down

Left hypochondriac region, epigastric region, right hypochondriac region, left lumbar region, umbilical region, right lumbar region, left iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric (pubic) region, right iliac (inguinal) region

What membrane contacts organs? What membrane does not?

Visceral membrane contacts organs, parietal membrane is outside visceral membrane and does not

What cut/plane separates left and right

Sagittal

What cut/plane separates superior and inferior?

Transverse

What cut/plane separates anterior and posterior?

Frontal

What cut separates tissue at an angle?

Oblique

Descriptive term for point of shoulder

Acromial

Descriptive term for forearm

antebrachium

Descriptive term for depressed area in front of elbow

antecubital

Descriptive term for upper extremity b/w shoulder and elbow

arm

Descriptive term for armpit

axillary

Descriptive term for arm

brachial

Descriptive term for cheek

buccal