Anatomy Quiz 3 Glucose Metabolism and Calcium and Sodium Regulation

salivary amylase

digestive enzyme for carbs in saliva

pancreatic amylase

digestive enzyme in pancreas for carbs, breaks to disaccharide.

langerhans islets

islet cells in pancreas that store both insulin and glucagon

GLUTs

glucose transporters that bring glucose from plasma to inside cells

GLUT4

Only insulin-dependent GLUT, delivers to skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and heart

type 1 diabetes

Form of hyperglycemia when insulin is not produced and therefore low in the body and glucose gets high

type 2 diabetes

Form of hyperglycemia when cells are resistant to insulin, so glucose gets too high. Glycosidic proteins build up outside of cells bc they can’t get in, blocking blood flow especially to legs

hypoglycemia

Too much insulin (usually injection error or tumor), glucose gets too low

gestational diabetes

first diagnosed diabetes during pregnancy because of increased prolactin in third trimester, if uncaught excess glucose causes excess growth of fetus and delivery complications

fasting glucose

Glucose level assessment that is measured without eating, is a baseline and very accurate

postprandial

glucose level assessment taken after a meal, levels should be higher, less accurate

HbA1C

glucose level assessment tested on red blood cells to measure 60-90 day mean glucose levels.

glucose tolerance

glucose level assessment that is most uncommon bc the most work, but most accurate. includes taking fasting glucose, drinking high sugar drink provided, and taking blood samples every 1-2 hours to measure glucose rise and fall.

neuronal transmission, strengthen bones, enzymes, muscle contraction

4 functions of calcium

parathyroid hormone

increases calcium levels when low

calcitonin

decreases calcium levels when high

bones, kidneys

PTH acts on _____ to absorb calcium and _____ to maintain calcium and vitamin d storage

parafollicle cells, thyroid

calcitonin is released from ______ in the ______

vitamin d

resorbs calcium from digestive tract, needs 2 hydroxyl groups from liver and kidneys respectively

hypocalcemia

decreased calcium in blood, characterized by muscle cramps and increased neuromuscular excitability.

vitamin d deficiency, kidney/liver failure, parathyroid destruction

3 causes of hypocalcemia

hypercalcemia

high levels of calcium in blood

kidney stones, bone fractures, constipation, psychiatric symptoms

4 symptoms of hypercalcemia

excess PTH, tumor, kidney excretion problems, high vitamin d

4 causes of hypercalcemia

ADH

released when sodium levels are too high

capillaries

provide filtration and absorption of interstitial fluid, always fresh oxygen and nutrients delivered

40%

percent of fluid that is intracellular

20%

percent of fluid that is extracellular

aldosterone

released from outer cortex of adrenal gland when sodium is high, resorbs sodium with water in kidneys, and excretes potassium in exchange.

insulin

hormone that is released when sugar is high, such as after a meal, and lowers blood sugar

glucagon

hormone that is released when sugar is low to raise blood sugar