Infant And Child Exam 2

1. The length of time between when air passes through the lips and when the vocal cords start vibrating is referred to as:

a. prosody.

b. voice onset time.

c. categorical perception.

d. word segmentation.

voice onset time.

2. The characteristic intonation patterns, tempo, rhythm, and cadence with which a language is spoken are referred to as:

a. harmony.

b. melody.

c. accent.

d. prosody.

prosody

3. Adults perceive speech sounds:

a. continuously.

b. categorically, when the sounds come from their native language, and continuously, when the sounds do not come from their native language.

c. categorically, perceiving all phonemic categories used in human language.

d. categorically, perceiving only phonemic contrasts used in their native language.

as categorical, perceiving only phonemic contrasts from their native language.

4. The Eimas and colleagues study that examined infants' comprehension of speech sounds varying between /b/ and /p/ used which technique?

a. habituation

b. preferential listening

c. examination of facial expressions

d. violation of expectancy

habituation

5. Six-month-old Liana, 9-month-old Tomas, and 11-month-old Akemi all live in English-speaking homes in English-speaking communities. Which statement is MOST likely to be TRUE about their abilities to discriminate among sounds that are found in Mandarin Chinese but are not found in English?

a. Liana will be the most able.

b. Akemi will be the most able.

c. Liana and Tomas will be equally able, and both will be more able than Akemi.

d. Tomas and Akemi will be equally able, and both will be more able than Liana.

Liana will the most able

6. The phenomenon that in any language, certain sounds are more likely to occur together than are others is referred to as:

a. prosody.

b. pragmatics.

c. word segmentation.

d. distributional properties.

distributional properties.

7. Infants' sensitivity to the distributional properties of the speech they hear helps them:

a. pick words out of speech streams.

b. differentiate between speech sounds and nonspeech sounds.

c. pay more attention to their mothers' speech than to other people's speech.

d. attend to paternal speech patterns.

pick words out of speech streams

8. Gökhan has just begun to babble. How old is he likely to be?

a. 8 weeks

b. 5 months

c. 7 months

d. 12 months

7 months

9. Deaf infants who are regularly exposed to singed languages like ASL:

a. do not verbally babble.

b. babble using their hands.

c. do not produce signs until 2 years of age, on average.

d. produce syntactically correct communication earlier than hearing infants.

babble using their hands

10. When caregivers follow the baby's lead, looking at and commenting on whatever the infant is looking at, _____ has occurred.

a. judgement

b. orientation

c. joint attention

d. prosody

joint attention

11. Which word is one of the first words spoken in English, Mandarin, and Cantonese?

a. daddy

b. hi

c. milk

d. no

daddy

12. Bergelson and Swingley demonstrated that when 6-month-old infants were shown pictures of common items and researchers named one item, infants:

a. could point to the named item.

b. behaved the same whether the word was in their native language or not.

c. did not recognize the label.

d. looked at the correct picture more often than at the other pictures.

looked at the correct picture more often than at the other pictures.

13. Avi is 13 months old and has a large vocabulary for her age. The words she can say are referred to as her:

a. distributional properties.

b. productive vocabulary.

c. categorical perception.

d. word segmentation.

productive vocabulary.

14. An overly narrow interpretation of the meaning of a word is called:

a. overextension.

b. underextension.

c. babbling.

d. pragmatics.

underextension.

15. Yancy calls all women "mommy." This is an example of:

a. underextension.

b. overextension.

c. word segmentation.

d. categorical perception.

overextension.

16. Bilingual infants are less likely than are monolingual infants to:

a. abide by the whole-object assumption.

b. follow the mutual-exclusivity principle.

c. learn words with fast mapping.

d. use pragmatic cues.

follow the mutual-exclusivity princple

17. Which of these factors is NOT a pragmatic cue?

a. focus of the speaker's attention

b. grammatical category of the word

c. speaker's intention

d. speaker's emotional response

grammatical category of the word

18. In the study by Brown in which preschool children were shown hands kneading material in a container, young children tended to interpret "some sib" as the:

a. material.

b. container.

c. act of kneading.

d. any of these.

material

19. Children's first sentences can often be described as _____ speech.

a. holophrastic

b. telegraphic

c. overregulated

d. pragmatic

telegraphic

20. Which phrase is an example of overregularization?

a. referring to all four-legged animals as "doggie"

b. calling a rabbit "wabbit"

c. using the word "gooses"

d. using the word "elbow" to refer to a knee

using the word “gooses”

21. Children's overregularization errors are an indicator that they:

a. use words they are able to produce in place of those they are not yet able to produce.

b. internalize grammatical rules.

c. are able to remove the nonessential elements of speech to reduce the number of words per utterance.

d. memorize the plural forms of individual nouns and the tenses of individual verbs.

internalize grammatical rules

22. Which of these skills typically develops latest?

a. reciprocal conversation

b. comprehension of multiple meanings of words

c. ability to use information about others' perspectives in conversation

d. production of narratives

comprehension of multiple meanings of words

23. Which statement about children's use of private speech is TRUE?

a. Young children's use of private speech when in the presence of others is a possible sign of developmental delay.

b. Young children talk to themselves primarily as a form of entertainment.

c. Private speech typically ceases at about the same time children begin to string three words together.

d. Private speech eventually becomes internalized as thought.

Private speech eventually becomes internalized as thought

24. Descriptions of past events that have the basic structure of a story are referred to as:

a. collective monologues.

b. anecdotes.

c. cooperative dialogues.

d. narratives.

Narratives.

25. Using the distributional properties of language is an example of what type of learning?

a. statistical learning

b. habituation

c. perceptual learning

d. instrumental conditioning

Statistical learning

1. The ability to understand what another person says is called language:

a. comprehension.

b. knowledge.

c. construction.

d. production.

comprehension.

2. The notion that an infinite number of sentences and ideas can be expressed through a finite set of words is referred to as:

a. production.

b. generativity.

c. construction.

d. infinitivity.

generativity

3. Children's phonological development refers to their learning of the:

a. meaning system and words of their language.

b. cultural rules for how their language is used.

c. rules for combining the words in their language.

d. sound system of their language.

sound system of their language.

4. Enkai is talking to their infant daughter. Based on what is known about IDS, one can expect Enkai to do all of these EXCEPT:

a. use slower speech.

b. enhance the clarity of vowel sounds.

c. show less pitch variability.

d. utilize shorter utterances.

c. show less pitch variability.

5. Morphemes refer to the:

a. rules for combining words of a language.

b. elementary units of sound.

c. pairs of words in a language that have the same sound but different meanings.

d. smallest units of meaning.

smallest units of meaning

6. In the English language, "walked" contains "walk" and "ed," which are both:

a. words.

b. morphemes.

c. phonemes.

d. syntax.

b. morphemes.

7. "Esteban hit the car" means something quite different than "The car hit Esteban." This is an example of the importance of:

a. generativity.

b. symbols.

c. pragmatics.

d. syntax.

d. syntax.

8. Learning _____ is considered part of pragmatic development.

a. how to produce the "r" sound

b. the rules of negation

c. how to take turns during conversations with others

d. the contrast between the meanings of the words "table" and "desk"

c. how to take turns during conversations with others

9. The fact that only humans acquire language in the normal course of development indicates that language is:

a. species-specific.

b. species-universal.

c. pragmatic.

d. syntactic.

a. species-specific.

10. Regarding their ability to learn language, nonhuman primates:

a. have essentially no ability to learn how to use words to communicate.

b. can learn vocabulary and symbol combinations, but the communicative system they can acquire is not generally considered to be a language.

c. naturally use language to communicate with other members of their species, although their languages are not as complex as human languages.

d. do not have the vocal apparatus for producing speech, but when they are taught a sign language, they are able to learn a complex language.

b. can learn vocabulary and symbol combinations, but the communicative system they can acquire is not generally considered to be a language

11. The utterances of nonhuman communicators are considered to have limited or no _____, which is a defining feature of language.

a. semantics

b. morphemes

c. phonemes

d. syntax

d. syntax

12. _____ refer(s) to particular forms of a language, often based in a specific region or social group.

a. Pragmatics

b. Dialects

c. Dual representation

d. Distributional properties

b. Dialects

13. The case of Genie provides slight evidence for a _____ period for language.

a. sensitive

b. production

c. critical

d. receptive

a. sensitive

14. Hale and Luna want to make sure that their child speaks both English and Spanish. Which statement is the BEST advice for these parents?

a. As long as the child is exposed to the second language for an extended period of time, it does not matter when exposure to the language begins.

b. Wait to expose the child to a second language until they are old enough to be motivated to learn the language.

c. Expose the child to the second language as early as possible.

d. Begin exposure to the second language well after they are sure the child has learned the native language completely and proficiently.

c. Expose the child to the second language as early as possible.

15. Johnson and Newport's study of the English proficiency of Korean and Chinese immigrants in the United States demonstrated that knowledge of English grammar was associated with the:

a. length of time individuals had lived in the United States.

b. age at which individuals began learning English.

c. individuals' motivation to learn English.

d. length of time individuals had lived in the United States and the age at which individuals began learning English.

b. age at which individuals began learning English.

16. Luciana is being raised in a bilingual household. Their mother speaks primarily Spanish, and their father speaks primarily English. As a result, Luciana often mixes Spanish and English words in the same sentence. This is known as:

a. language mixing.

b. language switching.

c. overgeneralization.

d. dual representation.

a. language mixing.

17. Research conducted by Fernald on infants' comprehension of the meaning of the emotional tone of infant-directed speech indicated that:

a. infants cannot differentiate between positively toned and negatively toned speech.

b. although infants can differentiate between positively toned and negatively toned speech, they do not behave as if they comprehend the meaning of the emotional tone.

c. infants exhibit appropriate facial emotions when listening to positively toned and negatively toned speech.

d. infants can differentiate between positively toned and negatively toned speech only in their native language.

c. infants exhibit appropriate facial emotions when listening to positively toned and negatively toned speech.

18. Which statement about infant-directed speech is TRUE?

a. Infant-directed speech is used in all cultures.

b. Infant-directed speech is only used by mothers.

c. Infant preference for infant-directed speech may be a result of its emotional tone.

d. Infant-directed speech applies only to spoken languages; sign language by deaf mothers does not have any characteristics of infant-directed speech.

c. Infant preference for infant-directed speech may be a result of its emotional tone.

19. Which statement about the results of Janet Werker's research on 6- to 12-month-old infants' ability to distinguish between speech sounds that are not important in their native language is TRUE?

a. Infants of all ages were able to distinguish between the speech sounds.

b. Infants of all ages were unable to distinguish between the speech sounds.

c. Infants 6 to 8 months old were unable to distinguish between the speech sounds, but 10- to 12-month-olds were able to make the distinctions.

d. Infants 6 to 8 months old were able to distinguish between the speech sounds, but 10- to 12-month-olds were unable to make the distinctions.

d. Infants 6 to 8 months old were able to distinguish between the speech sounds, but 10- to 12-month-olds were unable to make the distinctions.

20. Kam refers to all soft drinks as Cokes, while Ephraim refers to all soft drinks as soda pops. Their differences in word usage represent different _____.

a. dialects

b. syntax

c. production

d. comprehension

a. dialects

1. With age, the IQ scores of adopted children and their biological parents become _____ correlated, and the IQ scores of adopted children and their adoptive parents become _____ correlated.

a. more; more

b. more; less

c. less; more

d. less; less

b. more; less

2. The change in genetic influence on intelligence with age is a result of:

a. genetic processes exerting their effects before adolescence.

b. children choosing environments of the parents who are raising them.

c. brain connections formed in adolescence and increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.

d. neither brain connections formed in adolescence nor increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.

c. brain connections formed in adolescence and increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.

3. The fact that children can influence the behavior of other people demonstrates _____ effects on intelligence.

a. passive

b. evocative

c. interactive

d. active

b. evocative

4. The uncertainty about the causal nature of the association between HOME scores at infancy and children's later IQ scores is founded on the possibility of which type of gene–environment relations?

a. active

b. passive

c. evocative

d. inductive

b. passive

5. How do the influences of the shared environment and genetics on children's IQ scores differ between families from affluent backgrounds and families from impoverished backgrounds?

a. In both types of families, a shared environment holds more impact than genetics.

b. Genetics exerts a stronger influence than the shared environment in both types of families.

c. The shared environment's influence is stronger in families from affluent backgrounds, while genetics have a stronger influence in families from impoverished backgrounds.

d. The influence of the shared environment is stronger in impoverished families, while affluent families have a stronger influence from genetics.

d. The influence of the shared environment is stronger in impoverished families, while affluent families have a stronger influence from genetics.

6. Akhila is in 8th grade and is 13 years, 6 months old. Chima is also in 8th grade and is 13 years, 7 months old. Fariha is in 9th grade and is 13 years, 8 months old. Research would indicate that:

a. Chima's IQ score will be higher than the IQ scores of Akhila and Fariha.

b. Chima's IQ score will be closer to Akhila's IQ score than to Fariha's IQ score.

c. Fariha's IQ score will be closer to Akhila's IQ score than to Chima's IQ score.

d. Chima's IQ score will be equally close to Akhila's and Fariha's IQ scores.

b. Chima's IQ score will be closer to Akhila's IQ score than to Fariha's IQ score.

7. During the school year, the achievement test scores of low-SES children tend to _____; during the summer, their scores tend to drop _____.

a. remain constant while those of high-SES rise; or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise

b. rise similarly to those of high-SES children; while those of high-SES children remain constant

c. remain constant while those of high-SES rise; while those of high-SES children remain constant

d. rise similarly to those of high-SES children; or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise

d. rise similarly to those of high-SES children; or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise

8. The Flynn effect is the:

a. effect of poverty on IQ score.

b. influence of schooling on IQ score.

c. overarching influence of g on lower mental abilities.

d. increase in average IQ scores over the past several generations.

d. increase in average IQ scores over the past several generations.

9. Which factor is a plausible explanation for the Flynn effect on average IQ scores?

a. decline in nutrition and health in low-income families

b. increased societal emphasis on family and community obligation

c. rise in costs of medication and health care

d. increase in societal emphasis on abstract problem solving and reasoning

d. increase in societal emphasis on abstract problem solving and reasoning

10. The rise in IQ scores may reflect increased societal emphasis on abstract problem solving and reasoning. Which statement would support this view?

a. Scores on tests of fluid intelligence have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence.

b. Scores on tests of mathematical reasoning have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence.

c. Scores on tests of crystalized intelligence have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence.

d. Scores on tests of general intelligence have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence.

a. Scores on tests of fluid intelligence have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence

1. The type of intelligence that is hypothesized to influence people's ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks is referred to as _____ intelligence.

a. fluid

b. practical

c. crystallized

d. general

d. general

2. Kehinde is taking a fluid intelligence test. What tasks might be presented to Kehinde?

a. recalling the key dates of significant historical times

b. sketching a route of how to walk home from school

c. assembling a 50-piece jigsaw puzzle

d. identifying specific countries on a map

c. assembling a 50-piece jigsaw puzzle

3. Which statement supports the distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

a. Understanding word meanings shows a stronger correlation with arithmetic knowledge than with the speed of processing information.

b. Intelligence tests correlate with people's knowledge of subjects they have not formally learned in school.

c. Children who do well on one intellectual task tend to do well on other intellectual tasks.

d. Speed of neural transmission is positively correlated with brain volume.

a. Understanding word meanings shows a stronger correlation with arithmetic knowledge than with the speed of processing information.

4. Thurstone's primary mental abilities include word fluency, verbal meaning, reasoning, spatial visualization, numbering, rote memory, and:

a. performance tasks.

b. perceptual speed.

c. mathematical reasoning.

d. long-term memory.

b. perceptual speed.

5. In Carroll's model of three-stratum theory of intelligence, what is placed at the top of intelligence hierarchy?

a. g (general intelligence)

b. fluid intelligence

c. processing speed

d. memory

a. g

6. When it comes to measuring intelligence, MOST psychologists agree that it is:

a. highly reliable.

b. the most useful tool in education.

c. controversial.

d. unmeasurable.

c. controversial

7. The WISC-V is MOST consistent with which notion of intelligence?

a. intelligence as a single entity

b. intelligence as a few basic abilities

c. intelligence as numerous processes

d. Intelligence has several levels of general abilities and specific processes.

d. Intelligence has several levels of general abilities and specific processes.

8. What kind of question might Sharmila encounter on the WISC-V test to evaluate her fluid reasoning?

a. Arrange these numbers in ascending order.: 7, 1, 9, 5, 3.

b. Identify a similarity between a bear and a wolf.

c. Determine the next shape in this sequence: circle, square, triangle, circle, square, ?

d. Explain the meaning of the phrase 'raining cats and dogs'.

c. Determine the next shape in this sequence: circle, square, triangle, circle, square, ?

9. IQ calculation relies on the fact that intelligence scores fall into what type of distribution?

a. normal

b. standard deviated

c. skewed

d. double-mean

a. normal

10. This is the measure of the variability of scores in a distribution.

a. normal distribution

b. standard deviation

c. correlation

d. symmetrical distribution

b. standard deviation

11. On a typical intelligence test, a score of 130 is:

a. 1 standard deviation below average.

b. average.

c. 1 standard deviation above average.

d. 2 standard deviations above average.

d. 2 standard deviations above average.

12. According to longitudinal studies (Humphreys, 1989), a person's IQ score:

a. decreases significantly with age.

b. increases significantly with age.

c. remains fairly stable and consistent.

d. is inconsistent throughout life.

c. remains fairly stable and consistent.

13. IQ scores have been found to correlate with school grades and achievement test scores:

a. only at the time of testing.

b. 5 years later.

c. unreliably.

d. both at the time of testing and years later.

d. both at the time of testing and years later.

14. Although IQ scores reliably predict academic and career achievements, the capacity for _____, involving the restraint of actions, proves to be a stronger predictor of academic scores.

a. intuitive thinking

b. self-discipline

c. spontaneity

d. decisiveness

b. self-discipline

15. Practical intelligence is measured on which intelligence test?

a. WISC

b. Stanford–Binet

c. SAT

d. It is not measured by traditional IQ tests

d. It is not measured by traditional IQ tests

1. According to Freud, in every stage, children:

a. must channel their psychic energy outside of their body.

b. face conflicts related to a particular erogenous zone.

c. constrain the id with the superego.

d. experience gradual changes through experience.

b. face conflicts related to a particular erogenous zone.

2. Haru is an adult who behaves selfishly and impulsively. They appear to seek immediate gratification and ignore any potential negative consequences. Freud would say that Haru is ruled by their:

a. conscience.

b. superego.

c. erogenous zones.

d. id.

d. id.

3. Carlos feels guilty when he disobeys his parents' rule about not eating cookies before dinner. Freud would see Carlos's guilt as a sign that he has developed a(n):

a. superego.

b. fixation.

c. id.

d. ego.

a. superego.

4. According to Freud, if a person's fundamental needs are not met during a particular stage, the person may:

a. become fixated on the issues relevant to that stage.

b. experience an identity crisis.

c. make hostile attributions.

d. develop infantile amnesia.

a. become fixated on the issues relevant to that stage.

5. Erikson's stages are characterized by:

a. the personality structure that emerges during the particular stage.

b. a specific crisis that must be resolved.

c. the erogenous zones in which the psychic energy is focused.

d. a particular manner of responding to reward and reinforcement.

b. a specific crisis that must be resolved.

6. According to Erikson, during the stage of Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt, parents can support their toddlers' development of autonomy by:

a. providing consistent breakfast, lunch, and dinner.

b. allowing a child to explore a new environment without suggestions.

c. encouraging children to work with others.

d. guiding ways to develop a sense of identity.

b. allowing a child to explore a new environment without suggestions.

7. According to Erikson, if adolescents do not successfully develop a core sense of identity, they will experience:

a. mistrust.

b. role confusion.

c. isolation.

d. shame and doubt.

b. role confusion.

8. On the topic of continuous versus discontinuous development, learning theories propose that development:

a. is continuous.

b. is discontinuous.

c. is continuous within the major stages of development.

d. has qualitative changes in different age groups.

a. is continuous.

9. Watson employed _____ to create fear of a white rat in "Little Albert."

a. systematic desensitization

b. operant conditioning

c. classical conditioning

d. role taking

c. classical conditioning.

10. B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning emphasizes that behaviors are a result of:

a. conditioning and exposure.

b. reinforcements and punishments.

c. social learning and modeling.

d. subconscious desires.

b. reinforcements and punishments.

11. The parents of 2-year-old Sumon express frustration over his tendency to scream when he wants something. According to Skinner, which advice would be MOST effective to offer Sumon's parents in decreasing his screaming behavior?

a. Fulfill Sumon's desires regardless of his screaming.

b. Always fulfill Sumon's wants whenever he screams.

c. Occasionally fulfill Sumon's desires when he screams and at times, refrain from doing so.

d. Refrain from fulfilling Sumon's desires whenever he screams.

d. Refrain from fulfilling Sumon's desires whenever he screams.

12. When children are influenced by witnessing another individual receiving a reward or punishment, this phenomenon is termed:

a. vicarious reinforcement.

b. intermittent reinforcement.

c. negative reinforcement.

d. reciprocal determinism.

a. vicarious reinforcement.

13. Bandura's Bobo doll study demonstrated all of these EXCEPT:

a. children can learn through imitation.

b. children's behavior may be inconsistent with what they have learned.

c. seeing others rewarded and punished can influence a child's behavior.

d. reinforcement is necessary for learning.

d. reinforcement is necessary for learning.

14. Observational learning depends on all of these basic cognitive processes EXCEPT:

a. attention.

b. memory.

c. information retrieval.

d. role taking.

d. role taking.

15. Social cognitive theories highlight the process of _____, which involves children actively shaping their own social development.

a. self-socialization

b. reinforcement

c. social modeling

d. vicarious reinforcement

a. self-socialization

16. On the issue of continuous versus discontinuous development, theories of social cognition:

a. view development as continuous.

b. view development as discontinuous.

c. vary as to whether they view development as continuous or discontinuous.

d. see the issue of continuity versus discontinuity as irrelevant.

c. vary as to whether they view development as continuous or discontinuous.

17. According to Selman, 6- to 8-year-old children:

a. believe that others' different perspectives stem from the possession of different knowledge.

b. realize that others have different perspectives and can think about others' points of view.

c. can systematically compare their own and another person's points of view.

d. believe that others cannot have a different perspective from their own.

a. believe that others' different perspectives stem from the possession of different knowledge.

18. According to Dodge's information-processing theory of social problem solving, aggressive children's primary problem is that they:

a. have a bias in their interpretations of others' behaviors.

b. expect aggressive behavior to be useful in getting along with others.

c. do not possess the ability to formulate socially acceptable goals.

d. have a poor capacity to generate strategies to achieve their goals.

a. have a bias in their interpretations of others' behaviors.

19. Drawing from Dodge's perspective of aggression, the MOST likely factor contributing to why children who are physically abused may develop a more pronounced hostile attributional bias is:

a. a heightened sensitivity to recognize the true intentions of others.

b. their ability to accurately access a hostile situation.

c. a decreased inclination to attribute hostile intent in neutral situations.

d. the desire to be liked by others and to avoid conflict.

a. a heightened sensitivity to recognize the true intentions of others.

20. When a child is driven by mastery or by others' views of their success, they are experiencing:

a. achievement motivation.

b. the entity orientation.

c. a hostile attribution bias.

d. self-socialization.

a. achievement motivation.

21. Reza tends to base their self-worth on the approval they receive or do not receive from other people. When given a choice, Reza is likely to choose situations in which they can _____. Reza is considered to have an _____ orientation.

a. be assured of success; entity/helpless

b. be assured of success; incremental/mastery

c. enjoy the challenge of a difficult problem; entity/helpless

d. enjoy the challenge of a difficult problem; incremental/mastery

a. be assured of success; entity/helpless

22. Hira believes that their intelligence is fixed and that there is little they can do to change it. When Hira encounters failure, they are expected to:

a. work persistently to solve the problem.

b. believe that their failure is due to a lack of effort.

c. believe they are still smart regardless of the failure.

d. feel helpless.

d. feel helpless.

23. In Dweck and colleagues' (2007) study regarding the correlation between individuals' perceptions of intelligence and their math performance, findings revealed that:

a. ability-focused praise had a positive influence on math achievement.

b. students who embraced an entity theory of intelligence maintained stable math scores over time.

c. students endorsing a growth mindset regarding intelligence exhibited an upward trend in math scores over time.

d. employing reinforcements and adhering to a strict studying regimen led to improvements in math scores.

c. students endorsing a growth mindset regarding intelligence exhibited an upward trend in math scores over time.

24. Social cognitive theories are considered somewhat incomplete because they fail to:

a. discuss the role of biological factors in development.

b. see children as actively involved in their own development.

c. fully consider cognitive factors.

d. have any real-world implications.

a. discuss the role of biological factors in development.

25. Neuroimaging research conducted on children living in orphanages in Romania (Wade et al., 2019) who transitioned to foster homes revealed that, over time:

a. fostered children exhibited enhanced cognitive functioning.

b. they maintained similar levels of cognitive functioning as before entering foster care.

c. fostered children displayed lasting detrimental impacts on cognitive functioning.

d. fostered children displayed superior cognitive functioning compared to peers raised in family settings.

c. fostered children displayed lasting detrimental impacts on cognitive functioning.

1. Which statement is supported by Mischel's findings on delay of gratification?

a. Preschoolers' ability to delay gratification does not predict adjustment beyond preschool.

b. The ability to delay gratification is related to SAT scores and rational thinking in adolescence.

c. The ability to delay gratification is based primarily on parental socialization.

d. Delay of gratification cannot be reliably tested until approximately age 8.

b. The ability to delay gratification is related to SAT scores and rational thinking in adolescence.

2. Which statement BEST represents developmentalists' view of emotions and feelings?

a. Emotions are a part of feelings.

b. Feelings constitute one of the components of emotion.

c. Emotions and feelings are simple reactions.

d. Emotions and feelings are entirely separate; neither is part of the other.

b. Feelings constitute one of the components of emotion.

3. Discrete emotions theory holds that:

a. emotions are innate and each emotion has a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions.

b. emotional responses, such as facial expressions, must be learned.

c. a select few emotions are present at birth and the others are a function of experience.

d. emotions are a result of a child's environment and experiences.

a. emotions are innate and each emotion has a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions.

4. Dr. Ey takes a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development. Which statement would she be MOST likely to make?

a. The purpose of anger is to initiate movement to eliminate an obstacle to one's goal.

b. Developmental changes in the experience of joy/pleasure are due to accumulating social experiences.

c. Distinct emotions are innate and present from early in life.

d. There is a direct link between the inner emotional state of fear and the facial expression that accompanies it.

a. The purpose of anger is to initiate movement to eliminate an obstacle to one's goal.

5. Social smiles tend to emerge by the _____ month of life.

a. 1st

b. 2nd

c. 3rd

d. 6th

c. 3rd