Chem 1210: Reactions, Rates, and Equilibrium

Vocabulary flashcards covering stoichiometry, redox reactions, kinetics, chemical equilibrium, and clinical dosage/flow rates from Chem 1210 Lecture Outline #7.

Coefficients

Numbers placed before chemical formulas in an equation to indicate the number of molecules or moles required to balance the chemical reaction.

Balanced Chemical Equation

A chemical equation that contains the exact same number of atoms of each element on both the reactant and product sides.

Stoichiometry

The study of mass relationships in chemical reactions.

Limiting Reagent

The reactant that is completely consumed or used up first in a chemical reaction, thereby limiting the maximum amount of product that can be formed.

Percent Yield

A measure of reaction efficiency calculated as: $\frac{\text{actual (experimental) yield}}{\text{theoretical (calculated) yield}} \times 100\%$.

Oxidation

A chemical change characterized by the loss of electrons, loss of hydrogen, or gain of oxygen.

Reduction

A chemical change characterized by the gain of electrons, gain of hydrogen, or loss of oxygen.

LEO says GER

A mnemonic for redox reactions standing for: Loss of Electrons is Oxidation (LEO), and Gain of Electrons is Reduction (GER).

Oxidizing Agent

A substance that is reduced in a chemical reaction, thereby causing or allowing the other substance to be oxidized.

Reducing Agent

A substance that is oxidized in a chemical reaction, thereby causing or allowing the other substance to be reduced.

Combustion

A redox reaction characterized by burning in air ($O_2$); complete combustion of carbon compounds produces $CO_2$, $H_2O$, and heat.

Respiration

The biological redox process by which living organisms use $O_2$ to oxidize carbon-containing compounds to produce $CO_2$, $H_2O$, and metabolic energy.

Rusting

A redox reaction involving the oxidation of metallic iron into a mixture of iron oxides.

Bleaching

A redox reaction involving the oxidation of colored chemical compounds into products that are colorless.

Oxidizing Antiseptics

Chemical agents that destroy bacteria through oxidation, such as tincture of iodine ($I_2$) and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$).

Exothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that releases heat to its surroundings.

Endothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings.

Precipitate

An insoluble solid that forms and separates from a liquid solution upon mixing two soluble ionic compounds.

Reaction Rate

The change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time.

Activation Energy

The minimum threshold energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

Catalyst

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy without being consumed or permanently altered in the process.

Chemical Equilibrium

The state in a reversible chemical reaction where the forward and reverse reactions proceed at equal rates, resulting in constant concentrations of reactants and products over time.

Equilibrium Constant ($K$)

A numerical ratio representing the concentration of products raised to their stoichiometric coefficients divided by the concentration of reactants raised to their stoichiometric coefficients at a specific temperature.

Dosage Rate

The quantity of medication delivered to a patient per unit time (such as $\text{mg/min}$, $\text{mcg/min}$, or $\text{mg/kg/hr}$).

Drip Rate (Drop Rate)

The rate at which an intravenous fluid is infused, expressed in number of drops per minute ($\text{gtts/min}$).

Drip Factor (Drop Factor)

The specification of an IV tubing set indicating the number of drops delivered per milliliter of solution ($\text{gtts/mL}$).

Macrodrop Tubing

IV administration tubing designed to deliver large drops, typically calibrated at a drop factor of $10$, $15$, or $20\,\text{gtts/mL}$.

Microdrop Tubing

IV administration tubing designed to deliver small drops, calibrated at a drop factor of $60\,\text{gtts/mL}$.