Motivation & Work

Motivation

The energization & direction of behavior —> inner experience drive

The Instinct Theory & Evolutionary psychology

Psychologist believed human behavior was biologically rooted in instincts

Instincts

Fixed patterns of behavior that is unlearned —> universal

William McDougal (1908)

Whole view of human behavior instinctually based—> based on topological/circle reasoning

Drive Theory of Human Motivation

By Clark Hull (1943)

• 4 Basic Drives

• - Hunger

• - Sex

• - Thirst

• - Avoidance of pain

When we feel those drives—> unpleasant bodily tension

Arousal Theory:

Humans are motivated to achieve & maintain a state of optimal arousal

Incentive Theory

Humans are often pulled by external goals—> expect to gain incentive & value it

Hierarchy of Human Needs:

Abraham Maslow: Proposed a list of human need that must be satisfied , a individual can become self actualized/ self transcendence

Psychlogical Needs:

Basic need of the organism necessary for survival

Ex; food, water, sex, sleep

Safety Needs:

Steady work, financial security, home stability

Social Needs:

In relationship to other: affection & begging, loved, family ties

Esteem Needs:

Feeling of self-worth, social status, respect & recognition

Self-actualiztion

The need to realize our fullest potential

Self-transcendence

The need to find meaning & identity beyond the self

(Cannon & Washburn, 1912)

Believed hunger was triggered by sensation of the stomach

swallowed a long tube w balloon—> would compress when stomach contracted

The brain & hormones

Hypothemes

Taste preferences

Humans prefer sweet & salty foods

External Cues

Different aspects of our environment can cues our hunger

Social Cues

People tend to eat more in the company of others

Anorexia Nervosa

Extreme fear of gaining weight

• Ignore hunger pains

• limit food intake

Bulimia Nervosa

extreme bing eating

• self induced vomiting

Binge Eating disorder

Limit food intake—> then over eat

Potential Causes of Eating disorders

• Stress

• Beauty Standards

• Cultures that value slim figures

• Distorted body Image

Sexual Response Cycle

4 stages

Excitement

initial phase where genitals become engorged with blood

Plateau

Where excitement peaks—> breathing, pulse, blood pressure increases

Orgasm

rhythmic genital contractions that give rise of sexual release

Resolution

Body returns to pre-arousal phase

Hormones

Direct development of Male & Female sex charactisics

Estrogen

Hormone that influences female sexual behavior (ovulation)

Testosterone

Hormone that influences male sexual behavior (Doese’t affect sex drive)

William Master & Virgina Joheson

Recorded the psychological response of volunteers

Psychological Theories:

Argued that it was inborn & strengthen by habit & Family dynamic

Biological Theories

Simone L; tiny nucleus in hypothemis

• In homosexual men: nucleus—> half eh size

Social Animals

Humans

Married people

Less likely for depression, suicide, & early death

Aids in survival

More like to reproduce

Naturally oriented towards others

infants turn face towards others

Baumeister & Laery (1995):

fundamental need to belong

The need for affiliation

Individuals differences in the desire to be in the company of others

Benefits:

• Attention

• Information

• Stimulation

• Emotional Support

The Need for Intimacy

Desire to have close intimate relationships

Benefits:

• Warm

• Sincere

• Loving

• look more at others

• happier & healthier

• Smile

• Confide in friends

The need for achievement

the strong desires to accomplished difficult tasks, outperform others, & excel

By: David McClelland (1953)

• Crave success more then fearing failures

The need for power

The strong desire to acquire prestige & influence over others

By David Winter (1973)

• Run for political power→ position of authority

Attitudes towards Work

By Army Wrzesnieski

Jobs

unfulfilling but necessary way to make money

Career

Opportunity to advance from one position to the better one

Calling

Fulfilling & socially useful activity

• those who view their work as a calling have the highest level of stasifaction with works & lives

Flow at Work

The activity of your life increases when you are purposely engaged

By Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

• State of flow exist between anxiety of being overwhelmed and stressed and the apathy of being underwhelmed & bored

• Intense concentration