Thrombosis and Embolism !!

arterial thrombosis condition

stationary blood clot INSIDE AN ARTERY

traveling DOWN to cause ISCHEMIA

ischemia

reduced or restricted blood flow limits oxygen and nutrient delivery to cells, tissues, or organs

arterial thrombosis CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & SYMPTOMS

• intermittent claudication

• cool, cyanotic (blue/pale) skin distal to blocking site

• painful ulcers one or more toes

in arterial thrombosis if you see painful ulcers around one or more toes what does it mean?

late sign of severe ischemia

arterial thrombosis TREATMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

• surgery

• antiplatelet drugs

• anticoagulant drugs

venous thrombosis condition

stationary blood clots inside a vein. blood is blocked from traveling back forward towards the heart

venous thrombosis CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & SYMPTOMS

• edema/swelling

• phlebitis

• thrombophlebitis (blood clot + inflammation)

venous thrombosis TREATMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

• surgery

• anticoagulant drugs

NO ANTIPLATELET DRUGS

deep vein thrombosis condition

formation of blood clot in a deep vein usually lower extremities

deep vein thrombosis CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & SYMPTOMS

TRIPLE L’S

• often ASYMPTOMATIC initially

• unilateral leg edema

• local pain and tenderness

• localized warmth and inflammation

deep vein thrombosis TREATMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

• stocking and compression therapy

• anticoagulent therapy

• inferior vena cava filter

embolus condition

traveling blood clot

embolus CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & SYMPTOMS

• left ventricle origin - ischemia stroke

• right ventricle origin - pulmonary stroke

• embolism

embolus TREATMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

• embolectomy

• implanted inferior vena cava

vasospasm condition

sudden, temporary, involuntary constriction or clamping of smooth muscles in an arterial wall

vasospasm triggers

TRIPLE E’S

• ENVIRONMENT (cold weather)

• EMOTIONAL STRESS

• EXTERNAL BLEEDING

vasospasm CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & SYMPTOMS

• reduced arterial blood flow

• hypoxia in affected tissue

• migraine headaches

vasospasm COMMON SITES

• heart

• brain

• fingers/toes

Raynaud Syndrome

extreme peripheral vasoconstriction causing total temporary cessation of blood flow to the fingers and toes typically triggered by exposure to cold or emotional stress

Raynaud Syndrome CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & SYMPTOMS

WBR

• white: initial phase NO BLOOD AT ALL

• blue: trapped tissue use the remaining blood

• red: blood surges back

Raynaud Syndrome TREATMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

• enhancing circulation

• avoid cold environments and stress triggers

chronic venous insufficiency condition

valvular incompetence that involves the deep veins

LEAKY VENOUS VALVES FAIL TO CLOSE PROPERLY and the blood thats suppose to go to the veins falls backwards instead of going to the heart

chronic venous insufficiency CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & SYMPTOMS

• persistent lower extremity edema

• deep aching pain

• pigmented/hyperpigmented skin areas

• venous stasis ulcers (aka venous leg ulcers)

chronic venous insufficiency TREATMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

• compression therapy (wraps/stockings)

• infection control and wound care for ulcers

lymphedema condition

fluid buildup caused by a blockage or malfunction in th lymphatic drainage system

two types of lymphedema

• primary lymphedema - LESS COMMON person is born with defect

• secondary lymphedema - developed later in life (fine at birth)

lymphedema CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & SYMPTOMS

• progressive swelling in affected limbs

• thickened, roughened skin (if untreated)

• large, deformed limb contours

lymphedema TREATMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS

• lymphoscintigrams (injection of radioisotopes)

• external medical compression devices

• elastic stockings

• controlled exercise

• surgical resection (remove all of an organ, tissue or body structure) or bypass procedures

vasospastic angina (VSA) condition

sudden, involuntary spasm of a coronary artery leading to acute, transient myocardial ischemia

what’s the coronary artery?

blood vessel that supplies oxygen rich blood directly to the heart muscle

vasospactic angina CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & SYMPTOMS

• severe, unpredictable chest pain

• pain characteristically occurs at rest or during the early morning/night

aortic stenosis condition

narrowed aortic valve restricting left ventricular outflow because of CALCIUM DEPOSISTS DURING SYSTOLE

LOOK AT EXAMPLE IN MY NOTES ABOUT A NOTE FOR SIMPLER UNDERSTANDING !

aortic stenosis CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & SYMPTOMS

• agina (chest pain)

• syncope (fainting)

• dyspnea (shortness of breath)

aortic regurgitation condition

incompetent/ faculty aortic valve flaps that fail to seal shut, allowing a large volume of blood to leak backward into the left ventricle

aortic regurgitation CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & SYMPTOMS

• signs of left ventricular volume overload (holding too much blood)

• impaired forward stroke volume (heart cannot pump enough fresh, oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body)

• distinctive regurgitant heart murmur (sounds the doctor can hear when the blood is swishing and whooshing back and forth)

infective endocarditis condition

infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) and heart valves caused by things such a

• bacteria

• fungi

• microbios entering the bloodstream

infective endocarditis CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS & SYMPTOMS

• systemic infection signs (affect the whole body such as fever, chills)

• newly appearing or changing heart murmurs

• structural valvular damage and dysfunction (one or more of the heart’s four valves has physical damage (structural damage) that prevents it from opening or closing properly (dysfunction), disrupting normal blood flow)

infective endocarditis diagnostics

blood cultures (ESSTENIAL)