Psych test

What is classical conditioning?

Noticing 2 stimuli and predicting what will happen…the clouds are grey so its going to rain.

What two things are being associated in classical conditioning?

a neutral stimulus an an unconditioned stimulus

What is an unconditoned stimulus (USC)

An example would be food

Whats an unconditoned response (UCR)

A dog salivating in the presense of food

What is a neutral stimulus? (NS)

It helps predict stimulus, an example would be ringing a bell, then giving the dog food(ucs) then the dog salivates (ucr)

what is a conditioned response?

This would be the dog salivating after hearing the bell because it belives the food is coming even though it hasn’t seen it yet.

What is conditoned stimulus?

The NS turns into conditioned stimulus, because now the dog hears the bell (CS) and starts to salivate.

What do you need for classical condtioning to be sucessful?

The timing of NS and UCS need to be paired closely toegther, and it needs to happen frequently

What happened to little Albert?

He was an 11 month old boy who was not afraid of rats but then Watson and Raymer conditioned him to fear the rat.

How did Watson and Raymer do this?

They hit a lound gong behind him each time he saw the rat

Identify UCS, NS, UCR, CS, CR in little alberts case

UCS-gong, UCR-fear, NS-rat, UCS-gong, UCR-fear, CS-rat, CR-fear

classical conditioning turned into a cary over effect called…

generalization

How did little albert start to generalize things?

He would see a white rabit instead of a white rat and still get scared.

Is classical conditioning voluntary or involuntary? What is the “power” in classical conditioning?

Its involuntary, and the power is in prediction

What is opperant conditioning?

Associating a voluntary beavior with its consequences (good or bad). The person has control over their descisions.

Is opperant conditioning voluntary or involuntary?

Voluntary

What is Thorndikes law of effect?

If a choice is followed by good consequences people are more likely to do something, and if the choice is followed with bad consequences people are less likely to do something.

What did B.F. Skinner say abount opperant conditioning?

Behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcement, or diminished if followed by a punishment.

What is the skinner box

A chamber with a bar than an animal presses to get food

What does reinforcement do?

It strengthens/ maintains behavior

What is positive reinforcement? Ex:

Adding something good, ex: a child earns money for doing chores.

What is negative reinforcement? Ex:

Adding something bad, ex: taking out the smelly trash

What is punishment?

weakens/ reduces behavior

what is positive punishment? Ex:

Adding something bad, ex: having to pay a late fee

What is negative punishment? Ex:

taking away good things, ex: losing a privilage

Punishment can have unwanted side effects like…

fear, anger, resentment, damage to relationships

What is an example of continuous reinforcement?

After every time the rat pushes the bar, food comes out.

What is an example of partial reinforcment?

Only sometimes after the rat presses the bar food comes out

What does a fixed ratio schedule look like?

Its based on the number of responses. Ex: a rat has to press a bar 10 times to get food, more work=more reward

What does an interval schedule look like?

Based on the time. Ex: the rat presses the bar, but food only comes out every 10 minutes

What is a post reinforcement pause (FR)

Rest perios after you use the rewards. based on predictability because it’s fixed

What is a variable ratio schedule

The number of responses varies around an average, reinforcement happens after an unpredicted amount of responses. Ex: slot machine, high response rate

What is aquisition

learning association

what is extinction

unlearning a process

Does variable ratio have a post reinforment pause?

No it does not.

Even though interval is based on time, are responses still made?

yes, but not as frequently

What does a fixed interval schedule look like

it reinforces the first response made after a specific amount of time has passed. Responses are not as frequent. Ex: checking your mailbox

Does FI have a post reinforcement pause

yes

What does a variable interval schedule look like

Reinforcement happens after the first response after an unpredicted time interval. varies around an average, slow steady response rate. Ex: checking for the internet guy

does VI have a post reinforcement pause?

No

Does ratio or interval have a higher response rate

ratio

What is memory?

persistence of learning over time

what is encoding

getting information

what is storage

retaining information over time

what is retreival

getting information back out when you need it

What did the children do in the Bobo doll study

They watched a lady hit the bobo doll, then repeated that exact same behavior.

Why do children mirror adults behaviors?

They associate with them vicariously

what are the main emotions (6)

anger, fear, disgust, sadness, hapiness, surprise

What is/are the parts of sensory memory

has a huge capacity but is short lasting. Echoic, which is auditory, and iconic which is visual.

What is short term memory

Breifly stored information, about 30 seconds. Ex: looking up someones phone number (remembering about 7 digits)

What is working memory?

similar to short term memory but processes breifly stored info, and uses short term memory information to form long term memory

describe long term memory

no limit to its capacity, information is stored permanently

What are the two types of encoding that can happen

automatic processing: info encoded without trying, then effortful processing: requires effort and time to encode

What methods do we use for processing/remebering information

we connect it to what we already know, and rehearse is

What is sematic encoding

it depends on context and previous experiences, it can be the application of studying

What happened to clive wearing

He lost both of his hipocampi and can form no new memories, worst case of amnesia to ever occur. He also had frontal lobe damage

What is amnesia

The loss of memory

what is explicit memory

requires conscious awareness

Give an example of a good study method

1 hour a day for six days