NURS232: Musculoskeletal system

What re the three main functions of the skeletal system

support

protection of soft tissue organs

movement- attachment points for muscles

What minerals are stored in the bones? Why are they needed?

Calcium and phosphorus

Released into the blood for muscle contraction

What is the function of yellow bone marrow? what does it contain?

Adipose tissue- releases triglycerides for energy

What is the function of red bone marrow?

Undergoes haematopoiesis to produce red blood cells.

What are the 5 types of bone? And an example of each. What are the functions.

Long- femur and humerus. movement and support

Short- Carpal bones. Provide ability whilst allowing motion

Flat- Sternum. Point of attachment for muscles and protect internal organs

Irregular- Vertebrae. Protect internal organs

Sesamoid- Patella. Protect tendons from excessive forces and effective muscle action.

Where are sesamoid bones found?

embedded in tendons

What are the two sections of long bones?

Diaphysis and epiphysis

What is the structure of the diaphysis section of bone? What does it contain? What gives it strength?

Compact bone on the outside gives strength to the bone

tubular shaft running length of bone which contains medullary cavity, containing yellow bone marrow.Outside is comprised of dense and hard compact bone.

What is the structure of the epiphyses and what does it contain?

Wider ends of the bone that contain spongy bone and red marrow

What is the Epiphyseal plate?

a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone to allow bone lengthening to occur.

What is the Ossesous Tissue? What is it comprised of?

A connective tissue matrix comprised of bone matrix (between bone cells) which contains 1/3 collagen fibres and 2/3 calcium Phosphate salt.

Function of collagen?

Function of calcium phosphate crystals?

How are they complementary?

Provides flexibility and scaffold for mineral deposition

Make bone hard and strong.

explains how bone is strong and slightly flexible rather than one of the other.

What are the 4 cells are involved in bone formation?

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

osteogenic cells function, where they are produced and location

develop into osteoblasts

Located in endosteum, cellular layer of the periosteum (membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones).

What are osteoblasts and their function?

Where are they located?

Where are they commonly found?

Specialised living bone building cells

Involved in production of bone, secrete bone matrix

Located in endosteum, cellular layer of the periosteum (membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones).

Where bone is growing or repairing

What are Osteocytes and their function?

Mature bone cells

They maintain bone tissue and keep the mineral environment stable.

entrapped within the lacunae of the the bone matrix.

What are canaliculi?

A network of small channels between lacunae (pockets in the bone matrix), that allows communication between cells and transport of nutrients of waste.

What are osteoclasts?

What is their function?

Bone reabsorbing cells break down old or damaged bone and release minerals before

how does the continuous remodelling of bone occur?

The balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity

What is compact bone?

What is the function?

the dense outer layer of bone.

Provide strength

How is compact bone arranged?

Why is this important?

Haversian systems (made up of osteons) which are made up of lamellae around a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves.

makes bone tissue strong and more resistant to twisting forces

What is spongy bone?

where is it found?

what is it structure?

lattice like bone tissue

found mainly inside bones, especially end of long bones

which aligns along lines of stress

made up of trabeculae

what does spongy bone contain?

What is its function?

red marrow

Haemopoietic role (create red blood cells)

How do spongy bone and compact bone work together?

compact bone gives strength, spongy bone reduces weight and helps distribute stress.

Where do vessels enter the bone to supply blood?

The nutrient foramina

Where are blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels contained? Why?

Periosteum

To nourish compact bone

Why do bones need a good blood supply?

growth, maintenance and healing

What makes up axial skeleton?

What is the function?

skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage

Support and protect internal organs (brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs).

Everything else attaches to this framework.

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

What is the function?

Upper and lower limbs, the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle.

Attach each limb to the axial skeleton.

Fibrous joint

Where the adjacent bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue.

Cartilaginous joint

bones joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

synovial joint

Function?

bones are not directly connected, but instead come into contact with each other within a joint cavity that is filled with a lubricating fluid.

Allow for the most and free movement between bones (most common type of joint)

Define synarthrosis

immobile or nearly immobile functional classification of joints.

define amphiarthrosis

slightly moveable functional classification of joints.

Define diarthrosis

freely moveable classification of joints.

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane and ball + socket.

What are the 3 types of muscle?

Where are each found?

Smooth (walls of organs/blood vessels, skeletal and cardiac