A-Level Biology: Cardiovascular Health and Risks

Practice fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering CVD risks, scientific study designs, dietary factors, lipoproteins, and medication treatments based on the A-Level Biology lecture transcript.

A risk is defined as the __________ that an event could occur.

probability

Cardiovascular disease is described as a __________ disease because it is caused by many different factors.

multifactorial

Scientific studies that follow the same types of people over long periods of time are known as __________ studies.

longitudinal

In scientific studies, __________ means that there is less deviation from the mean between results.

precision

For women around age 50, the risk of developing CVD increases significantly after __________, due to a decline in estrogen.

menopause

Researchers often use __________ studies to determine whether genetic factors or lifestyle factors are the main cause of CVD.

twin

Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by __________.

$$\text{height in meters}^2$$

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are synthesized from __________ fats and proteins.

saturated

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) transport cholesterol from the body to the __________, where it is broken down.

liver

A healthy ratio of LDL to HDL in the blood is __________ to one.

three

Antioxidants reduce CVD risk by neutralizing free radicals, which would otherwise damage __________ cells and cause inflammation.

endothelial

When testing for vitamin C using DCPIP, the blue solution turns __________ if acidic solutions like lemon juice are used.

pink

Antihypertensive drugs called __________ eliminate excess fluid and salt to decrease blood volume.

diuretics

Beta blockers lower blood pressure by blocking the heart's response to hormones like __________, which speed up heart rate.

adrenaline

Inhibitors of angiotensin two prevent blood vessel constriction and block stimulation of the __________ nerve.

sympathetic

Statins lower blood cholesterol levels by blocking the enzyme in the __________ responsible for producing cholesterol.

liver

A known risk or side effect of statin medication is triggering fatal __________ inflammation in some individuals.

muscle

Warfarin acts as an anticoagulant by interfering with the production of __________, which prevents thrombin generation.

prothrombin

Platelet inhibitory drugs like aspirin reduce blood clot formation by making platelets less __________.

sticky