GEN HISTO: BLOOD by Antonette Penaflor DMD-2B

What is a specialized type of CT?

Blood

Which are the cells suspended in a circulatory fluid in blood?

Plasma

Straw-colored fluid minus the inorganic components of plasma

Serum

Difference of blood amount in men and women

Male: 5-6 L

Female: 4-5 L

What is the difference between the appearance of fresh blood and plasma?

Fresh blood: Red and viscous fluid

Plasma: Yellow translucent fluid

What is the blood composition?

55% Plasma and 45% cells

What are the cellular components in blood?

ELP -> may ELP sa blood

Erythrocytes - AKA RBC

Leucocytes - WBCs

Platelets - Thrombocytes

What composes 99% of the cellular comp of blood?

Erythrocytes

What composes less than 1% of the cellular comp of blood?

Leucocytes and Platelets (Puffy coat)

2 kinds of Luecocytes

1. Granular

2. Agranular - no granules

Circulating cytoplasmic fragments

Platelets

Plasma consists of proteins and ground substance called ___.

Serum

Proteins in plasma

Mnemonic - curse word for gay people

Fibrinogen, Albumin, Globulin

What is hematopoiesis?

Blood formation

highly vascularized tissue seen at the medullary cavity of bones

Bone Marrow

Bone Marrow is derived from?

Mesoderm

Blood formation starts at?

Few weeks of pregnancy

Until what weeks of pregnancy will blood cells form and where?

2 weeks before birth, blood cells will form in the LIVER AND SLPEEN

What is the major site of hematopoiesis in adults and children?

Bone marrow

Valuable screening tools to diagnose and manage conditions

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

What can CBC detect?

Acute, chronic infections

Diff types of anemia

Allergies

What does CBC Measure?

Number of red, white blood cells, and total number of hematocrit, platelet count, and hemoglobin concentration

What is special stained used in Blood Smear?

clue: Acid, Base, Neutral

Eosin - Basic Red Dye

Methylene Blue - Basic Blue dye

Wright's stain and Giemsa stain - Neutral Stain

What does blood smear do?

Different shapes, color, and sizes of blood cell types.

Used to detect anemia

CBC and Blood smear

What is hematocrit?

Fraction of blood which consists RBCs typically after vitrification of drawn blood.

Differential count

To determine relative proportions of WBCs or Leucocytes.

What is the erythrocytes structure?

nuclues, discs, and, does it have granules? what does it lack?

It is anucleated, had biconcave discs, and lacks organelles

It has granules due to presence of hemoglobin

What is the purpose of biconcave discs in eythrocytes?

It makes it highly flexible when it travels along the narrow capillary lumen.

Life span of RBCs or Erythrocytes

120 days

Inititally, RBCs are ___ up to 7 weeks.

NUCLEATED

In the bone marrow, RBCs loses its?

nuclues and all the organelles EXCEPTS cytoskeleton.

What is the texture of surface of RBCs/Erythrocytes and its effect?

It has a sticky surface which causes them to adhere to each other and form rows AKA Rouleaux Formation.

Function of Biconcave shape of RBC

Provides greater surface area to transport oxygen from lungs to tissues. And returning CO2 from tissues to lungs for elimination/removal.

Iron containing protein in RBCs and gives color to blood.

Hemoglobin

Heme -?

Globin -?

Heme - Pigment

Globin - Protein

What does Hemoglobin bind with for transport?

O2 or Oxygen

Deficiency of RBC or hemoglobin

Anemia

Autosomal recessive disorder -> faulty synthesis of hemoglobin -> faulty shape of RBC -> instead of biconcave, it will be crescent shaped which forms SICKLE SHAPE.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Most numerous white blood cell; 60-70% and is polymorphonuclear - 3-5 lobes of nucleus.

Nuetrophils

Small drumstick shape lobe in Neutrophils to detect chromosomal sex

Barr Body

What is the granules in neutrophils called and its description?

Specific Azurophilic Granules -> Actively motile and functions outside the circulation (4-day lifespan)

What is the Function of Neutrophils?

Clue: Cleanup and Defense

Phagocytise bacteria, Cell Debris, and Foreign Material

What do we call if we see an increase count of neutrophil; acute bacterial infection?

Neutrophilia/Increased Nuetrophil

What is the opposite of neutrophilia and has an abnormally low neutrophil count which is vital to defend against bacterial infection?

Neutropenia

Causes of Neutropenia

Can be genetic, drug-induced, and autoimmune; AIDS (Autoimmune Deficiency Syndrome)

Comprises around 1-4% of WBCs

Eosinophils

It normally fluctuates and has a diurnal pattern.

How does eosinophil fluctuate?

More Sin at nighttime and lesser than daytime.

Is eosinophil slightly larger than Nuetrophils?

Yes, histologically

Eosinophil has how many lobes?

Bi-lobed or 2 lobes, but can also be multi-lobed

Color stain of eosinophil

Dark pink or crimson

What does the specific granules in eosinophils do?

Contains hydrolytic enzymes, and secrete histaminase -> inactivate the histamine produced by the basophils AND mast cells.

Life span of eosinophils

8-10 days

Which WBC is common in Respiratory and GIT (Gastro Intestinal Tract) Mucosal Connective Tissue?

Eosinophil

What is the function of eosinophil?

Kill parasitic worms (PARASITES); complex role in allergy and asthma. It also phagocytose anti-gen antibody complexes.

Increase in eosinophil count and where can we see these reactions?

Eosinophilia -> Parasitic Infection, Allergic Reaction (Asthma), Hay Fever, and Some Malignancies.

Eosinophils plays a big role in controlling parasitic diseases such as?

Cystosomiasis, Bronchil Asthma and Allergic Eczema

WBCs that are least numerous (less than 1&), size is in between the neutrophil and eosinophil?

Basophil

It has granules which are distinctly basophilic. They fill in the cytoplasm.

Basophil

Nucleus is irregular.

The granules obscures/covers the nucleus.

Basophil

What is the stain property of Basophil?

Metachromatic staining property and contains histamine and heparin.

Functions of histamine and heparin in Basophils

Histamine - Increases vascular permeability -> allows fluids to enter cells -> leads to inflammation and swelling

Heparin - Prevents blood coagulation

Basophils will bind with?

Immunoglobulin E -> antibody that helps defends parasites BUT when triggered, will have allergic reaction

Increase in Basophil count. Can trigger allergies, inflammatory response, and autoimmune diseases.

Basophilia

Allergies: Hay fever, Ascariasis, chronic sinusitis, and leukemia

Mild Inflammatory Response: Smallpox, chickenpox, influenza

Autoimmune: Rheumatoid arthritis, Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and Ulcerative colitis

When seen in connective tissue, lymphocytes are called?

Plasma Cells

Constitutes around 20-40% of WBCs

Lymphocytes

Agranular Leukocyte and is derived from bone marrow stem cell

Lymphocytes

Densely stained nucleus with a thin rim of blue-gray cytoplsam

Lymphocytes

The Lymphocytes that mature in Thymus are called?

T-Lymphocytes

The Lymphocytes that mature in Bone Marrow are called?

B-Lymphocytes

In conventional blood smear, can you distinguish B from T Lymphocytes?

NO

B lymphocytes VS T Lymphocytes

T-Lymphocytes - 60-80%, MAIN

B-Lymphocytes - 10-15%

Which do not pocess B or T cell markers

Null Cells

T-Lymphocytes sub-population

CD4 - helper

CDA - Suppressor

Killer and Cytotoxic Cells, Memory Cells

CD4 is seen low in what patients?

HIV and AIDS patients

Lifespan of lymphocytes

Few days to several years

High count of lymphocytes and where can it be seen?

Lymphocytosis -> Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Infectious Mononucleosis/Kissing disease -> seen in adolescence -> symptomamic

WBC also known as macrophage and phagocytes in Connective Tissue

Monocytes

3-10%, agranular, and motile. Largest WBC in blood smear

Monocytes

Develops to be macrophage or phagocyte in CT

Monocytes

They circulate in blood stream 1-3 days, and perform all function OUTSIDE OF circulation and enters CT

Monocytes

Nucleus is oval/kidney/horse-shoe shape

Monocytes

Increase in monocyte count and where can we see it?

Monocytosis

Inflammation

Chronic Bacterial Infection

Bacterial Endocarditis

Typhoid

Malaria

Syphilis

Protozoan Infection

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Chronic Myelocitic Luekemia (CML)

Decrease n monocyte count and where can we see it?

Monocytopenia

AIDS

Bone Marrow Failure

Hairy Cell Leukemia

Also known as Thrombocytes

Platelets

Motile cytoplasmic fragments surrounded by plasma membrane

Platelets

smallest formed elements in peripheral blood and anucleated

Platelets

What is the normal platelet count?

140k-400k/Liter

Originated from Megakaryocytes in Bone Marrow

Platelets

What is the main function of platelets?

Blood coagulation, hemostasis, plugs endothelial damage

What do platelets produce?

von Willebrand factor

Thrombospondin

platelet-derived factor

What is the low-count of platelets or decreased thrombocytes? Or greater rate of removal

Thrombocytopenia

What happens if Thrombocytopenia is left untreated?

bruising or severe bleeding

What can be seen as a side effect of chemotherapy?

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia can also be seen in diseases like?

Lupus, HIV Infection which destroys platelets

Specialized type of CT in Medullary Cavity of bone consists of stroma and parenchyma

Bone Marrow

Made up of hematopoietic cells arranged in cords or islands separated by Venous sinusoids

parenchyma

Two types of bone marrow

Red Marrow - active hematopoietic tissue

Yellow Marrow - Fatty, incative (adipocytes/fat cells)

Hematologic disorder caused by bone marrow failure - pancytopenia -> decreased blood cells -> erythroid and myeloid series

Aplastic anemia

How to diagnose and treat Aplastic anemia?

Diagnose: Bone Marrow Biopsy

Treatment: Bone Marrow or Stem Cell Transplantation