Lifespan Development - EXAM 2

Which of the following is the best example of assimilation?

a. naming your dog Barney after the famous TV character.

b. naming the first dog you meet, Spot, then calling all other dogs you meet Spot.

c. pretending your dog is a horse.

d. changing the name of your dog after finding out that your friend's dog has the same name.

b. FIRST dog you meet you name SPOT, then every dog you see after you call SPOT

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes that:

a. children are born with understandings that permit a ready grasp of new information.

b. children think with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment.

c. mental activities have their origins in social interaction.

d. children discover knowledge about the world through their own activity.

c. social interactions are the origin to mental activities

What was a key finding of the "Cat in the Hat" studies on hearing?

a. voice recognition is influenced by prenatal experience.

b. infants prefer deeper male voices over higher-pitched female voices.

c. newborns prefer rhyming phrases over non-rhyming phrases.

d. reading to infants significantly increases their vocabulary size.

a. voice recognition is influenced by prenatal development

When describing the practical component, Sternberg argues that an intelligent person will:

a. be successful in all situations.

b. have a high score on an IQ test.

c. show outstanding abilities in music and interpersonal skills.

d. shape an environment to better suit their skills.

d. shape an environment to better suit their skills

Thora's grandson has noticed that Thora uses increasingly brighter colors and larger shapes in her paintings. Thora may be compensating for:

a. a problem with dark adaptation.

b. glaucoma.

c. a reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the retina.

d. macular degeneration.

c. a reduction in the quality of light

There are two cookies left on a tray - one is whole and one is broken. Cora takes the broken cookie, saying that three cookies is better than one. Piaget would say that Cora lacks:

a. object permanence

b. symbolic thought

c. seriation

d. conservation

d. conservation

Three-month-old Ali is playing with a stuffed teddy bear. Ali's dad takes the teddy bear away and hides it behind his back. Piaget would argue that Ali would not notice the absence of the teddy bear because she has not developed:

a. assimilation

b. disequilibrium

c. object permanence

d. attachment

c. object permanence

The Stanford-Binet intelligence test has been shown to produce a "normal distribution." This means that most people who take the test will score:

a. better than average on nonverbal responses than verbal responses.

b. in the middle of the range of possible scores.

c. in the extreme high end of the range of possible scores.

d. in the extreme low end of the range of possible scores.

b. in the middle of scores

Which question would be the best method to assess divergent thinking?

a. What are some effective ways of studying for a psychology exam?

b. Who is the current president of Mexico?

c. Where does the equator pass through the continent of Africa?

d. How much is (212*34)/3

a. some effective ways of studying for a psych exam (open-ended)

When a 2-day-old infant consistently shows a visual preference for a bull's eye pattern over a checkerboard pattern, we can conclude that the infant:

a. can see fine details as well as adults can.

b. can see the difference between the two patterns.

c. recognizes circles more quickly than squares.

d. has crisp, 20/20 vision.

b. can see the difference as well as adults can

gross motor behaviors

involves large muscles (always matures FIRST)

gross motor behaviors examples

kicking and jumping

fine motor behaviors

involves small muscles

fine motor behaviors body parts

hands, fingers, and forearms

sensation

receiving sensory information from the rest of the world

perception

understand/ recognize information (make sense of sensory info)

sensitive periods

window when we are most prepared to develop

reflexes

automatic responses to stimulation, most fade out after 6 months

reflexes help us...

survive

reflexes examples for infancy and childhood

sucking, grasping, tonic nerve

Babinski reflex

touch foot = toes extend

are reflexes intentional?

no, reflexes are mostly all involuntary

dynamic systems

motor development is influenced by maturation, physical capacities, experiences, and motivation

childhood gross motor development

environment and culture influences the timeline of how things develop

every single development has a ______________ __________

learning curve

childhood fine motor development

takes a long time to mature, from large and rough to small and smooth (starts LARGE, end more FOCUSED)

methods to study infant perception

visual preference, habituation, and dishabituation

visual preference tasks

presented with two stimuli and measure how long the attention is on each

equal time looking at two stimuli for a child

no recognized difference, so therefore no preference

difference in time looking at two stimuli for a child

recognized difference and most likely a preference

habituate

losing interest/ something is boring because an infant has seen it multiple times (being familiar with something)

dishabituate

process of re-engaging a response to something (showing a giraffe toy after only seeing a moose toy)

color vision __________ as we age in infancy

improves

vision

least developed out of all the senses when we are born

visual scanning

it is much more detailed as we age in infancy

visual preference

infants are drawn to human faces

inborn visual preferences

faces that are rated "more attractive"

experience visual preferences

mother's face, etc.

face discrimination

young infants can tell the difference between faces better than adults

depth perception

helps us navigate; infants can recognize depth

visual cliff

lab method used to study young child depth perception (plexiglass top over a drop)

child-directed speech

infants prefer to hear this over someone speaking normally (baby talk)

pitch for infants

harder to hear low and soft, easier to hear high and exaggerated

peak motor gross development is ages ______

20-30

at what age does gross motor development start to decline

30

adolescents can hear _________ pitches than adults

higher

in adulthood gross and fine motors _______

decline

examples of adulthood gross and fine motor decline

strength, balance, speed

lens

becomes less flexible and yellows (not focusing well, coloring is hard to differentiate)

pupil

smaller and less responsive (light and dark adaptation)

cataracts

clouded lenses, obstructs vision

glaucoma

pressure builds up and could lead to blindness

macular degneration

retina deterioration, center of vision is comprimised

hearing for adults

high pitched sounds get hard to hear, need loud noises to hear

taste/ smell for adults

need more extreme flavors or scents to taste/ smell

vygotsky theory

constructivism

constructivism

we construct knowledge through our experiences

knowledge constructed through _________, ___________, and ____________

social interaction, culture, and language

guided participation

the circles - shared endeavors that allow someone to learn

zone of proximal development

the middle of independent ability and outside of ability (space where someone teaching us begins to back off)

private speech (piaget)

egocentrism

private speech vygotsky

important cognitive development and will become internal later

piaget thought of children as little ________

scientists

piaget's theory

knowledge is constructed through interactions with the world ("doing things")

assimilation

try to understand something new using what we already know

assimilation example

saw a lion and thought cat

accomodation

take new info and use it to update/ upgrade the info we already have

accommodation example

update info on "big cats"

sensorimotor stage ages

0-2

preoperational stage age

2-7

concrete operational stage age

7-11

formal operational stage age

11-15

piaget thought

infants are experiencing the moment rather than thinking of future or past

simple reflexes

using reflexes to understand the world

primary circular reactions

repeated behavior (do a behavior, like it, repeat it); clap example

secondary circular reactions

repeated behavior BUT with an object

coordinated secondary circular reactions

doing behaviors with a goal behind them (intentional and goal-directed)

object permeance

understanding that objects exist even when they cannot be seen

the a-not-b error

seek objects in previous location (A), not current one (B) - car under cloth example

tertiary circular reactions

instead of repeating the same behavior, infants try different things to understand object (squeeze, kick, or throw ball)

mental combinations

mentally thinking through actions

symbolic capacity

understanding symbolism, one thing represents another (bowl becomes a hat)

egocentricism

perceive world ONLY from own perspective

animism

give thoughts, feelings, desires, etc. to objects or things

centration

focus on only one feature of something, ignoring other factors

conservation

change in appearance doesn't change certain properties (juice in tall and wide cup example)

concrete operational

logical reasoning with concrete examples BUT not yet systematic problem solving

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

plausible hypotheses and systematic deduction + abstract and logical reasoning

adolescent egocentrism

heightened self-conscious

imaginary audience

feel others watching - like spotlight effect

personal fable

feel unique, special, and invincible ("you just don't understand)

intelligence

solve problems; learn and adapt in response to experience/ environment

fluid intelligence

reasoning/ problem solving ability

crystalized intelligence

acquired knowledge, based on facts

intelligence quotient (IQ)

the quantitative measure of intelligence, tapping into cognitive processes

IQ is ___________ distributed

normally

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

1. motor skills

2. cognitive

3. language

4. socioemotional

5. adaptive

Fagan test

speed of familiarance (habituation)

in adulthood _____ declines EARLIER than __________

fluid, crystalized

sternberg's 3 intelligences

analytical, practical, and creative