Herpetology Lab Practical 1: Other Families, Evolution, and Lab Techniques

tailed frogs

Ascaphis/ Ascaphidae, internal fertilization with intromittent organ

caecillians with short, real tail

Rhinatrematidae, neotropical tailed caecilians/ beaked caecillians

caecillians with dual-jaw closing muscle system

Ichthyophiidae, fish caecilians

caecilians with a true tail, with vertebrae

Uraeotyphilidae

caecilians, lack stapes

Scolecomorphidae, tropical caecilians

caecilians with bullet-shaped skull to drill through dirt

Caeciliaidae, caecilians

caecilians, monophyletic and secondarily aquatic

Typhlonectidae, aquatic caecilians

amppibian family, forelimbs but no hindlimbs

sirenidae, sirens

species greater gill development in murky or low oxygen water

nectarus maculosus, siren intermedia netting

largest salamanders

cryptobranchidae, giant salamanders

salamanders with external fertilization, male parental care

hynobiidae, asiatic salamanders

salamanders with strong jaws, very large genome, 12or3 toes

amphiumidae

lungless salamanders

plethodontidae

salamanders with direct development

Plethodontidae

semi-aquatic salamander, sensitive to warm temps, larval stage up to 4.5 years

rhyacotrinonidae

salamanders with external gills, caudal fins, no maxillae

Proteidae, mudpuppies

salamander thats fully active during winter, exhibits neoteny

nectarus maculosus

salamanders with aposematic coloring, toxic skin secretions

salamandridae

salamander with red eft stage

notophthalmus viridescens

frogs with no tympanum or vocal sacks, in new zealand

Leiopelmatidae, New Zealand Frogs

frogs where male wrap strings of eggs around his legs, to care for them

Discoglossidae, painted frogs and midwife toads

frogs with no vocal cords or tongues, fully aquatic

pipidae, tongueless frogs

frogs that burrow, one living species

rhinophrynidae, burrowing frogs

frogs with spade-like tubercules on feet

Pelobatidae, european spadefoot toads

frogs with toxic warts that make them taste bad

Anaxyrus

frogs that are tranparent

centrolenaidae, glass frogs

frogs that shrink after metamorhposis

pseudidae, shrinking frogs

frogs with disk shaped toe pads

hylidae, amero-australian tree frogs

frogs that use glycerol as antifreeze

hyla versicolor, chrysoscelis

frogs that create foam nests

leptodactylidae, rachophoridae

frogs with slender fingers, foam nests

leptodactylidae

frogs where males store eggs in vocal sacs, release them as tiny frogs

rhinodermatidae

forgs with aposematic coloring, high parental care, tadpoles adhere to the back of a parent

dendrobatidae, poison dart frogs

frogs that are ant specialists, narrow mouths and small heads

microhylidae, narrow-mouthed frogs

true frogs

Lithobates

frogs that can fly with excessive webbing, foam nests

rhacophoridae, afro-asian tree frogs

frogs that are endemic to madagascar, aposematic

Mantellidae

early tetrapod, strictly aquatic, no attachment of hip to vetebral column, neotenic

acanthostega

early tetrapod, semi-aquatic, more robust limbs to support weight on land

ichthyostega

early tetrapod, weight bearing limbs likely amphibious, many ancestral characteristics

tiktaalik

primitive lobe-finned fishes, bones in fins, three subgroups: dipnoi coelocanthiformes, osteolipiformes

sarcopterygians

tuatara characteristics

diapsid, acrodont teeth

turtle skull characteristic

anapsid

teeth fused to the top of jaw

acrodont

teeth fused to the side of the jaw bone

pleurodont

teeth set in socket

thecodont

amphibian teeth

mainly pleurodont

anura synonym

salientia

caudata synonym

urodela

apoda synonym

gymnophiona

amphibian general characteristics

permeable skin, aquatic larvae, pedicellate teeth, muscus secretion, biphasic life

salamander typical fertilization

internal

anuran fertilization

external