Microbiology & Infection Control (18,19,20)

Dental Careers 1

endospores

resitant, dormant structures

formed inside/outside of body

aerobes

bacteria

require oxygen

anaerobes

bacteria

grows without oxygen

will die if oxygen is there

Creutzfekldt-Jakob disease

chronic, rare brain disease

onset 40-60 years

facultative anaerobes

can grow with or without oxygen

non-pathogenic

microorganism

can’t cause disease

oral candidiasis

candida yeast infection of oral mucosa

pathogen

microorganism

causes disease

H1N1 flu virus

form of swine flu

prions

infectious particles of proteins

lack nucleic acids

protozoa

single-celled microscopic animals

no rigid cell wall

provirus

hidden during latency period

HBV

blood-borne disease

can be transfered by body fluids

causes liver failure, liver cirrhosis, cancer, or death

microbiology

study of microorganisms

MRSA

bacteria

resistant to some antibiotics

west nile disease

virus commonly found in africa/asia

transferred by mosquitos

affects nervous system

imflammation of brain and spinal cord

spore

bacteria

changed into highly resistant form

cocci

spherical- shaped bacteria

bacilli

rod-shaped bacteria

spirilla

spiral-shaped bacteria

staphylococci

forms in irregular clusters/groups

streptococci

forms in chains

chancre

painless, ulcerating sore

virulent

able to cause serious disease

percutaneous

through skin

bc of needle stick, cut, bite, etc

Joseph Lister

used carbolic acid on dressings and after surgery in aerosol form

lowered rusk for infection after surgery

recognition of airborne microorganisms

Louis Pasteur

discovered rabies vaccine

important bc no real cure to rabies

viral disease transmission

direct contact

insects

percutaneous injury

blood transfusions

contaminated food/water

inhalation of droplets (coughing/sneezing)

viral hepatitis

inflammation of liver by virus

5 types: HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV - different viruses

nausea, juandice, appetite loss, dark urine, etc.

HIV transmission

sexual intercourse

needle sharing

before/during birth

breastfeeding

naturally accquired immunity

occurs after one has recovered from a disease

acute infection

infection of short duration

often severe

anaphylaxis

extreme hypersensitivity to a substance

leads to shock/life-threatening respiratory collapse

artificially acquired immunity

results from vaccination

blood-borne disease

caused by microogranisms (viruses, bacteria, etc)

carried in blood

chain of infection

infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

conditions that must be met for infection to occur

chronic infection

infection of long duration

communicable disease

can be spread from person to person

also contact with patient’s blood/saliva

blood-borne pathogens

disease-causing micorgranism

transferred through contact with body fluids

direct contact

touching

contact with patient’s blood/saliva

droplet infection

occurs through muscosal surfaces of eyes, nose, or mouth

immunity

the ability to resist disease

indirect contact

touching/contact with contaminated surface/instrument

inherited immunity

present at birth

latent infection

persistant with recurrent symptoms

“comes and goes”

accquired immunity

developed during person’s lifetime

occupational exposure

any anticipated skin, eye, or mucous membrane contact/percutaneous injury

involves blood/other infectious materials

OSHA BBP standard

guidelines

protects employees against occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens

pathogen

disease-causing organism

permucosal

contac with mucous membranes (eyes, mouth, etc)

PPE

used to protect employees

(gown, gloves, mask, eyewear, faceshield)

standard precautions

standards of care

protects healthcare providers from pathogens spread through body fluids

universal precautions

guidelines

treats all human body fluids as potentially infectious

virulence (pathogenicity)

strength of pathogen’s ability to cause disease

infectious agent

vrius

fungus

bacterium

protozoan

reservoir

saliva

blood

water

feces

insects

animals

environment

portal of exit

secretions

excretions

droplets

aerosols

mode of transmission

direct contact

droplets

indirect contact

airborne

portal of entry

inhalation

ingestion

mucous membranes

broken skin

level 1 mask

procedures generating minimal amounts of fluids, spray, aerosols

level 2 mask

procedures that generate low amounts of fluids, spray, aerosols

level 3 mask

surgical mask

procedures that generate moderate/high amounts of fluids, spray, aersols

N95 mask

prevents inhalation of hazardous airbone particles

hand hygiene

before/during/after treatment, after glove removal, visibly soiled hands

hand washing

alcohol-based hand rub

antiseptic

kills microorganisms on skin

bioburden

blood

saliva

other body fluids

broad-spectrum activity

capable of killing wide range of microbes

chlorine dioxide

effective, rapid-acting

environmental surface

sterilant or disinfectant

clinical contact surfaces

touched by contaminated hands, instruments and splatter during treatment

disinfectant

reduces number of microogranisms

environmental surfaces

surface within healthcare facility

not directly involved in patient care

may get contaminated during treatment

fungicidal

capable of killing fungi

glutaraldehyde

EPA registered high-level disinfectant

greener infection control

minimizes environmental impact of products/procedures used

high-level disinfectant

hospital disinfectant with tuberculocidal activity

housekeeping surface

not contaminated during treatment

floors, walls, sinks, curtains, blinds, etc.

immersion disinfectant

used for soaking of heat-sensitive instruments

intermediate-level disinfectant

liquid

EPA registered hospital disinfectant with tuberculocidal activity

used for operatory surfaces

iodophor

EPA registered, intermediate-level hospital disinfectant

liquid sterilant

for items that get damaged by heat sterilization

sterilization at room temperature

low-level disinfectant

destroys certain viruses and fungi

for general housekeeping (walls, floors, etc)

residual activity

action

continues after initial application (disinfection)

reuse life

how long a disinfectant remains effective during use and reuse

shelf life

how long a product may be store before use

single use items

thrown away after patient use

sodium hypochlorite

known as household bleach

surface disinfectant

splash, splatter, and droplet surface

does not contact dental team, instruments, or supplies

sporicidal

capable of killing bacterial spores

surface barrier

fluid-resistant material

used to cover surfaces that gets contaminated often

synthetic phenol

EPA registered intermediate-level hospital disinfectant with broad-spectrum disinfecting action

touch surface

directly touched and contaminated during a procedure

transfer surface

not directly touched

often contacted by contaminated instruments

tuberculocidal

capable of inactivating tuberculosis-causing microorganisms

virucidal

capable of killing some viruses

precleaning

physically removes debris

reduces number of microorganisms present

disinfection

kills disease-causing microorganisms

not necessarily all microbial life

low-level disinfection

ineffective against M.tuberculosis

only used in dental office for housekeeping purposes

intermediate-level disinfection

inactivates M. tuberculosis

destroys less resistant organisms like hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency

high-level disinfection

kills some but not all bacterial endoscopes

inactivates M. tuberculosis

sterilization

inactivates all microbial life