Micro final review

Both members of a symbiotic relationship benefit from each other

False

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis can be expelled from the lungs by a cough and remain viable in the air for an hour or more. If a person inhales the bacteria from the air, what type of transmission has occurred?

airborne

Retroviruses require the activity of ____ to complete their infection cycle.

reverse transcriptase

small circular RNA molecules without capsids are characteristic of

viroids

A _____ is a virus that infects bacterial cells.

bacteriophage

An example of direct contact transmission

saliva exchanged during a kiss

Normal microbiota may cause disease if they are introduced into an unusual site in the body

True

A bacterium inhabits the human nasal cavity where it obtains nutrients from secretions. It neither harms nor benefits the host. The relationship is therefore a(n) _____ one.

commensal

Vomiting is a common sign of food poisoning. The corresponding symptom would be

nausea

Virus replication results in the death of the cell in____infection(s)

a lytic

The fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci is found in the lungs of most people in low numbers, but in immunocompromised people it overgrows, resulting in severe respiratory problems. The fungus is best described as

both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen

Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission?

cockroach transmission of Shigella

Why is lysogeny advantageous to a bacteriophage?

The genetic material of the bacteriophage is amplified many times over that seen in a lytic phage

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is an example of a prion disease

True

The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the united states was 12.43/100,000. This means

there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000

What is the correct order for the stages of a lytic replication cycle, from the earliest to latest? I. Synthesis, II. Assembly, III. Attachment, IV. Release, V. Entry

III, V, I, II, IV

In early spring 2009, the CDC reported several dozen cases of novel H1N1 influenza in the United States. By summer, confirmed cases exceeded 40,000. The pattern represents a(n) ____ disease.

epidemic

How are prions different from all other known infectious agents?

They lack nucleic acid

An infection always leads to disease

False

Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process?

incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

Which of the following is an accurate description of a virion?

an infectious particle of protein and nucleic acid outside of a host cell

The process known as ___ is a mechanism of release for enveloped viruses

budding

Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota?

Microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy

A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease

True

Symptoms are

subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel

The phenomenon known as chemotaxis is defined as

the movement of a cell toward or away from a chemical stimulus

The process of phagocytosis involves all of the following EXCEPT

secretion of cytotoxins

Opsonization is

the coating of a pathogen by complement to facilitate phagocytosis

The white blood cells primarily responsible for adaptive immunity are

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

Which of the following contributes to protecting the eyes from microbial invasion?

tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush particles from the eyes

The complement cascade and its by-products contribute to

both triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes to sites of infection

Which cell becomes a macrophage when leaving the bloodstream?

monocyte

Cells of the second line of defense called___ recognize and kill virus infected cells.

NK cells

The growth of some microbes is inhibited by elevated body temperature.

True

The normal habitat of ____ is rodents, but humans bitten by fleas carrying pathogen develop fever, severely inflamed lymph nodes, headache, and possibly black necrotic tissue.

Yersinia pestis

A bull’s eye rash appearance is characteristic of infections with which of the following?

Borrelia burgdoferi

A child complains of intensely itchy pimples between the fingers and wrists in crowded and unsanitary conditions. The child may have an infection associated with

Sacroptes scabiei

Poliovirus is difficult to control in Africa and Asia due to

All of the above

Most cases of necrotizing faciitis are caused by

Streptococcus pyogenes

Spreading black necrosis, swelling, pain and froth or bubbles are characteristic of

gas gangrene

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is the result of

a hyperimmune response to reinfection with dengue virus

Botulism toxin disrupts motor control by

preventing the release of acetylcholine (ACh) by motor neurons into the synapse

Rabies is a zoonotic disease common in many species of mammal including domesticated animals.

True

The signs and symptoms of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome are caused by

exfoliative toxins

Contaminated food is the source of ____, which causes meningitis in susceptible persons.

Listeria monocytogenes

Smallpox was the first human disease to be

globally eradicated

Shingles, or herpes zoster, is a reactivation of the virus that causes

chickenpox

Fungi rarely infect the central nervous system

True

Common skin warts are the result of infection with

papillomaviruses

A specific wavelength of UVA can be used to treat

acne

Viral meningitis is usually more serious than bacterial meningitis

False

Bird watchers notice more birds dying one summer while human encephalitis cases increase sharply. Similar enveloped RNA virus particles are found in both. Which of the following might be responsible?

an arbovirus

The highly destructive form of Hansen’s disease is the result of

cellular immune response to Mycobacterium leprae

Which of the following is/are transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes?

both dengue and yellow fever

Infection with Schistosoma is acquired by

wading or swimming in fresh water

Which of the following is a complication that may result from a streptococcus pyogenes skin infection?

erysipelas

An infection of a hair follicle at the base of an eyelid is called a

sty

Both bubonic and pneumonic plague cause the formation of buboes and tissue necrosis of the extremities

False

What is the pathogenic process underlying Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

damage to blood vessels

How does tetanospasmin affect motor control?

It blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS

A herpetic lesion on the finger or hand is known as a

whitlow

Vegetation are associated with which of the following disease processes?

endocarditis

An intracellular parasite primarily transmitted as an STD is the agent of ____, which may cause enough damage to result in blindness.

trachoma

The leading cause of neonatal meningitis is exposure to a Gram-positive bacterium during vaginal birth:

Streptococcus agalactiae

Which of the following forms of leishmaniasis is typically fatal?

visceral

Primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus is known as

infectious mononucleosis

The pleomorphic bacterium ____ is an obligate parasite due to its requirement for NAD+ and heme

Haemophilus influenzae

Which of the following statements concerning Toxoplasma infection is correct?

it is typically contracted by eating undercooked meat

The terms bacteremia and septicemia are synonymous

False

Response to specific pathogens that can improve with subsequent exposure is

the third line of defense

Adaptive immunity is sometimes also called acquired immunity. Which of the following statements provide a basis for the alternative name?

To become activated, lymphocytes require exposure to the epitope for which they are specific

Enhanced immune responses to subsequent exposures to an antigen to which the body has already been exposed are known as ____ responses

memory

The most prevalent antibody class in the body is

IgG

The lymphocytes of adaptive immunity called___mature in the red bone marrow.

B cells

Which of the following is NOT included in the MALT?

the spleen

Which of the following statements concerning plasma cells is False?

They live for many years and function as memory cells

How does aspirin act to decrease the symptoms of inflammation?

it acts as an antiprostaglandin

The adaptive immune response requires exposure to specific epitopes for activation

True

What is the result when a dendritic cell phagocytizes a microbe and processes it?

display of epitope-MHC I complexes on the surface of the cell

Which of the following statements about T lymphocytes is FALSE?

T lymphocytes produce antibody molecules

Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders?

the mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells

Cell-mediated immunity is a function of

T lymphocytes

Which of the following is NOT an example of a walled-off site of infection that contains a fluid made of dead and dying tissue cells, leukocytes, and pathogens?

a tumor

What type of immunity is produced by the body when a person contracts a disease?

naturally acquired active immunity

The first and second lines of defense against microbial invasion are part of

innate immunity

Sweat can cause damage to bacteria because it contains salt and lysosome.

True

A single B lymphocyte can recognize multiple antigenic determinants

False

Which of the following statements regarding antibody function is FALSE?

They can penetrate host cells to bind intercellular antigens

Acute inflammation response is normally beneficial.

True

The second line of defense against invading microbes includes

Phagocytic white blood cells

Which of the following cytokines act as a signal between leukocytes?

interleukins

Jess has A- blood type, has never received a blood transfusion, and has never been pregnant. Antibodies against what blood antigens will be present in Jess’ blood?

B antigens

White blood cells such as lymphocytes arise in which of the following?

bone marrow

An individual was accidentally exposed to hepatitis A virus and was injected with antibodies against the external proteins of the virus. This is an example of which of the following?

artificially acquired passive immunotherapy

Dendritic cells are found in which of the following locations?

epidermis

Attenuation is

the process of reducing a pathogen’s virulence

The white blood cells primarily responsible for adaptive immunity are

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

The redness, swelling and itching of urticaria is due to____ release.

histamine

Both live and killed vaccines require multiple booster doses to provide full immunity.

False

Clumping caused by antibody-antigen reactions is called

agglutination