BIO 206 Exam #1

transverse plane

midsaggital plane

coronal plane

anterior body cavity

cephalic, cervical, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, pubic,

upper limb, manus, lower limb, and pedal

posterior body cavity

upper

limb, manus, lower limb, pedal, cephalic, cervical, and back

negative feedback

original stimulus is reversed (ex: body temp)

positive feedback

original stimulus is intensified (ex: childbirth)

thoracic cavity

abdominal cavity

pelvic cavity

nucleus

located in the cytoplasm and controls and regulates the cell

smooth er

it surrounds the rough er, synthesizes steroids and lipids, detoxes

alcohol and drugs, stores calcium

rough er

surrounds the nuclear envelope, produces phospholipids and

proteins of the plasma membrane, synthesizes proteins

lysosomes

found in the cytoplasm, digest substances in the cell

peroxisomes

in the cytoplasm, detox alcohol and toxins, breakdown fatty acids,

lots in liver and kidney

cytoplasm

inside of the cell, suspends organelles

golgi apparatus

located near the nucleus, synthesize carbs, finishes protein

synthesis, packages

plasma membrane

located near the nucleus, synthesize carbs, finishes protein

synthesis, packages

cilia

hairlike processes, on almost every cell

cilia function

help cells move around and move particles around the cell

microvilli

extensions of the membrane that increase the surface area of the cell and help with absorption. They are found on the outside of the cell membrane.

microvilli function

help with absorption for the cell

simple diffusion

high to low concentration (ex: bringing in oxygen to the cell)

osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (ex: kidney dialysis)

primary active transport

moves solute through a membrane against a concentration gradient and uses ATP (ex: Na-K pump)

secondary active transport

moves solute through a membrane against a concentration gradient and indirectly uses ATP (ex: sodium glucose transporter)

simple squamous

simple squamous function

secretes serous fluid, permits rapid diffusion

simple squamous location

alveoli, endothelium, and serosa

simple cuboidal

simple cuboidal function

absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement

simple cuboidal location

liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules

simple columnar

simple columnar function

absorption and secretion, secretion of mucus

simple columnar location

lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes

pseudostratified columnar

pseudostratified columnar function

secretes and propels mucus

pseudostratified columnar location

respiratory tract and some male urethra

transitional

transitional function

allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch

transitional location

ureter urethra and urinary bladder

stratified squamous

stratified squamous function

resist abrasion, slows water loss, resist pathogen penetration

keratinized stratified squamous location

epidermis, palms and soles of feet

nonkeratinized stratified squamous location

tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina

stratified cuboidal

stratified cuboidal function

secretes sweat, produces sperm and ovarian hormones

stratified cuboidal location

sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubules

areolar connective tissue

areolar connective tissue function

holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue to other tissues

areolar connective tissue location

almost everywhere, deep to skin or underlies epithelial, serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels

dense regular connective tissue

dense regular connective tissue function

helps pull muscles in one direction

dense regular connective tissue location

found in tendons and ligaments

dense irregular connective tissue

dense irregular connective tissue function

withstands stress, helps muscles stretch in all directions

dense irregular connective tissue location

deep layer of skin, capsules around organs

adipose tissue

adipose tissue function

thermal insulation, cushion, energy storage

adipose tissue location

hypodermis, organ cushion

compact bone

compact bone function

weight bearing, resistant to compression and stress or twisting, and stores phosphorous and calcium

compact bone location

external layer of all bones

diaphysis of long bones

spongy bone

spongy bone function

absorb shock and produce red blood cells

spongy bone location

epiphyses of long bone

surrounding marrow cavities

flat, short, irregular bones

hyaline cartilage

hyaline cartilage function

eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords, growth of long bones

hyaline cartilage location

ends of long bones, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton

fibrocartilage

fibrocartilage function

resist compression and absorbs shock

fibrocartilage location

pubic symphysis, minisci, and intervertebral discs

elastic cartilage

elastic cartilage function

provide flexible and elastic support

elastic cartilage location

external ear and epiglottis

hydroxyapatite

ground substance of connective tissue

ground substance of connective tissue

glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

smooth muscle

smooth muscle

short with one nucleus, no striations, involuntary

cardiac muscle

cardiac muscle

branched, shorter than skeletal, only one central nucleus, intercalated discs, striated, involuntary

skeletal muscle

skeletal muscle

muscle fibers, long thin cells, multiple nuclei, striations, voluntary

gap junctions

in cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue

desmosomes

in cardiac muscle tissue, bladder and epithelia

tight junctions

in the epithelia

stratum basale

has stem cells, keratinocytes, a few melanocytes and tactile cells

stratum spinosum

has several layers of keratinocytes joined by desmosomes and tight junctions, has some dendrites

stratum granulosum

has keratinocytes and dark staining keratin granules

stratum lucidum

clear and has keratinocytes with eleidin

stratum corneum

has keratinized cells

melanocytes

cells that produce melanin

piloerector muscle

arrector pili, smooth muscle, makes hair stand up

pacinian corpuscle

nerve that acts as a receptor from vibration and and pressure

hair follicle

grows hair by packing dead cells together

apocrine sweat gland

ducts lead to hair follicles, produce milky sweat, puberty

eccrine sweat gland

watery perspiration, tubular glands

dermal papillae

made of vascular areolar connective tissue

reticular layer of dermis

made of dense irregular connective tissue

hypodermis

pads body and binds skin to underlying tissue