IB 150 unit 1 exam

types of potential energy

gravitational - higher is more

chemical - energy stored in the bonds

kinetic energy types

thermal - moving molecules

motion - moving something gives it kinetic energy

laws of thermodynamics

• energy is conserved not lost or gained

• direction of change which way does stuff go naturally (eg. order to disorder)

gibbs free energy

• under conditions of constant pressure and temperature

• delta S is entropy

• reaction wants to move in the direction of positive entropy so that the product has a lower potential energy than the starting point

• disorder is favorable

enthalpy

• change in potential energy

• gibbs free energy measures whether a reaction is favorable

• reactions are favorable when delta G is less than zero

favorable conditions

• negative delta G

• positive delta S

• negative delta H

exergonic

negative delta G is lost by the system into its surroundings

endergonic

positive delta G energy is gained (products have more energy than reactants)

homeostasis

balancing the stuff on the inside and outside

ATP phosphorylation

• ATP breaks into ADP + phosphate group the energy released can be used to join together with other compounds

• bond forms between reactants and phosphate

what doe the signs on S mean

• positive s = disorder

• negative s = order

cellular respiration requirements

• ATp struggles to store energy long term

• constantly have to remake ATP because it’s used constantly

• ATP has a very low activation energy

diffusion

things travel from high concentration to low concentrations on both sides just because of how things moves randomly

equillibrium

once there are equal concentrations on both sides there is no net diffusion but equal concentrations still move from side to side

ficks law of diffusion

• write out the equation

• area - a

• phigh-plow - difference in partial pressure

• d - diffusion coefficient

• l - diffusion length between two locations

mass flow

pull in loecules and then diffuse within the lungs

use of pigments in blood

• optimize phigh-plow

• pigments have a high affinity to oxygen

• some organisms modify phigh-plow

endotherm

an organism that generates and regulates its own internal body heat rather than relying on the outside environment

ectotherm

organism that relies on external environment to regulate body temperature

homeothermy

type of regulation that keeps an organisms internal body temperature stable regardless of environmental temperature

poikilotherms

organism that has changing body tmeperature based on the environmental temperature

ecosystem

all organisms and abiotic pools of resources with which they interact

energy flux

• movement of energy

• energy transfer isn’t 100% efficient

• 10% of energy from previous level makes it to the next one

• biomass goes in the shape of a pyramid (more to less)

r

population growth rate

b

births

d

deaths

N

individuals

delta N

change in population

delta T

change in time

+r versus -r

• +r is exponential growth

• -r is population decline

density dependent factors

• competition for food and resources

• factors impacted by population size

• disease

• hiding places/homes

density-independent factors

• environmental, human-caused etc.

• not influenced by population size

meanings of differnt r’s

• r=0 is stable

• r<0 is decline

• r>0 is growth

K

carrying capacity

• if N is greater than K the population will decrease until N is less than K

r-strategist

maximize the growth rate r by not controlling death rates and by maximizing birth rates

k-strategist

control or limit death rates maintain a viable population by not increasing b, but by reducing d among their offspring so a higher proportion make it to adulthood

niche

particular set of adaptations/ways in which an organism figures our how to live

ecological niche

the way an organism makes its living or the role it plays in the environment

range of tolerance

area where an organism can survive, but it’s not favorable

optimal range

certain areas are more optimal for an organism so they’re more likely to occupy this niche

± interaction

one party benefits and the other doesn’t

mutualism

both organisms benefit from organism interactions +/+

competition

to organisms compete for the same resource

resources to compete over

• hiding space

• space

• food

• water

exploitative competition

• one organism takes all resources so it’s not available for the others

interference competition

organisms acively compete with each other and try to expel one another from the resource

how does energy coupling work

energetic coupling doesn’t violate the second law of thermodynamics because the overall delta G of the coupled system is negative

fundamental niche

species’ original niche

realized niche

species’ niche after ecological interactions (usually smaller)

inter-specific

between different species’

intra-specific

within a species

trophic cascade

when the top/bottom species population is impacted by one another

top-down

population at top impacts population at bottom

bottom-up

when the population at the bottom impacts the population at the top

endergonic reaction graph

exergonic reaction graph

ATP and substrate level phosphorylation

1. ATP breaks into ADP and phosphate group the energy released can be used to join together other compounds

2. bond forms between reactants and phosphate (the bond is high energy)

Free energy associated with ATP drops and free energy associated with the reactant increases

use of glucose in the body

• sugar is broken into two 3 carbon sugars called pyruvate

• takes place in mitochondria

• 2 ATP are spent and 4 are produced

bulk flow

transport of a substance over a large distance if an organism can’t use bulk flow, then it has to be smaller in order to keep the length of diffusion short enough to be efficient

tidal flow

air travels in both directions when there is tidal flow. this is a disadvantage when it comes to fick’s law because there is less of a concentration gradient so the amount of diffusion is less.

why is unidirectional flow a pre-req for counter current exchange

• unidirectional flow is when air moves in one continuous direction through the system

• this is a pre-requisite for countercurrent exchange because the blood has to flow in the opposite direction of the air in order for counter-current exchange to occur

how does counter current exchange increase the amount of air that can be taken from the environment

the concentration gradient remains constant across the entire capillary bed

concurrent flow

• maximum of a 50% efficiency of diffusion

• blood reaches equilibrium at 50% so diffusion stops

• blood and air are flowing in the same direction

• initial gas exchange when the concentration between the blood and the air is really different (makes this process really fast)

countercurrent flow

• 80-90% efficiency because the concentration gradient is maintained

• the air and the blood flow in opposite directions

• more complex structurally

purpose of the blood pigments

• pigments attract and hold the oxygen

• the concentration gradient is stronger because of the presence of blood pigments

how blood travels through the mammalian circulatory system

1. blood comes in from the superior and inferior vena cava

2. right atrium

3. tricuspid valve

4. right ventricle

5. pulmonary valve

6. pulmonary artery

7. lungs (capillaries)

8. pulmonary veins

9. left atrium

10. mitral valve

11. left ventricle

12. aortic valve

13. aorta

14. arteries

15. body capillaries

16. veins

inter-specific competition

competition between two different species

interference competition

organisms physically fight/display aggression/release chemicals signals in order to block others form the shared resources

exploitative competition

indirect interaction that cause the availability of the resource to be diminished

factors that allow competing species’ to avoid competitive exclusion

• dividing resources

• shifting their behaviors

• environmental changes that reduce direct competition