exam #4/9th edition

if a person receives radiation exposure sufficient to cause the gastrointestinal syndrome, fatality occurs primarily because of:

a. convulsive seizures and fever

b. catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in death from a combination of infection, fluid loss, and electrolytic imbalance

c. edema in the cranial vault from damage to the vascularity

d. blood loss from loss of platelets in the bone marrow

b. catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in death from a combination of infection, fluid loss, and electrolytic imbalance

for persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as the radiation dose:

a. remains the same

b. decreases

c. there is no survival time with hematopoietic syndrome

d. increases

d. increases

which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome?

a. hematopoietc syndrome

b. cerebrovascular syndrome

c. gastrointestinal syndrome

d. carcinogenic syndrome

d. carcinogenic syndrome

the term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to:

a. 30% of the exposed population in 30 days

b. 50% of the exposed population in 50 days

c. 30% of the exposed population in 50 days

d. 50% of the exposed population in 30 days

d. 50% of the exposed population in 30 days

some local tissues suffer immediate consequences from high radiation doses. examples of such tissues include:

1. bone marrow

2. male and female reproductive organs

3. skin

a. 1 and 3 only

b. 2 and 3 only

c. 1 and 2 only

d. 1, 2, and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

atrophy refers to:

a. aging of the skin from radiation exposure

b. shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received

c. necrosis of the hypodermis from radiation exposure

d. wrinkling of the skin from radiation exposure

b. shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received

what determines the rate of production of chromosome aberrations?

1. the total radiation dose given to a somatic cell

2. the total radiation given to a genetic cell

3. the period of time in which radiation dose was delivered

a. 2 and 3 only

b. 1, 2, and 3

c. 1 and 2 only

d. 1 and 3 only

b. 1, 2, and 3

which of the following are classified as early tissue reactions of ionizing radiation?

a. blood disorders, fever, and genetic effects

b. erythema, cataract formation and cancer

c. male and female sterility, embryologic defects, and cancer

d. nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders

d. nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders

the prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome is actually the:

a. recovery period

b. manifest illness period

c. latent period

d. initial stage

d. initial stage

research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a:

a. cumulative effect

b. quadratic effect

c. sigmoidal effect

d. threshold effect

a. cumulative effect

the hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the:

a. auger syndrome

b. cerebrovascular syndrome

c. cytogenetic syndrome

d. bone marrow syndrome

d. bone marrow syndrome

organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on factors such as:

1. radiosensitivity

2. reproductive characteristics

3. growth rate

a. 1 and 2 only

b. 2 and 3 only

c. 1 and 3 only

d. 1, 2, and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

a term that is synonymous with loss of hair is:

a. atrophy

b. desquamation

c. radiodermatitis

d. epilation

d. epilation

a single absorbed dose of 2 Gy_t can cause a radiation-induced skin erythema within:

a. 6 hours after irradiation

b. 24-48 hours after irradiation

c. 12 hours after irradiation

d. 1 hour after irradiation

b. 24-48 hours after irradiation

the correct order of development of the male germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cell is:

a. sperm, spermatid, spermatogonia, spermatocyte

b. spermatocyte, spermatogonia, spermatid, sperm

c. spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm

d. spermatid, spermatogonia, spermatocyte, sperm

c. spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm

chromosomal damage can be caused by:

a. low radiation doses only

b. none of the options

c. high radiation doses only

d. both low and high radiation doses

d. both low and high radiation doses

during cardiovascular or other therapeutic interventional procedures that use high-level fluoroscopy for extended periods, the effects of ionizing radiation on the skin are at most:

a. moderate

b. significant

c. minimal

d. nonexistent

b. significant

moist and dry desquamation can be caused by:

a. low radiation doses

b. radiation dose received during annual testing of diagnostic imaging equipment

c. radiation doses received during routine diagnostic imaging procedures

d. high radiation doses

d. high radiation doses

data from epi-demiologic studies of human populations exposed to doses of ionizing radiation sufficient to cause this acute radiation syndrome have been obtained from:

1. atomic bomb survivors of hiroshima nad nagasaki

2. marshall islanders who were inadvertently subjected to high levels of fallout during an atomic bomb test in 1954

3. nuclear radiation accident victims, such as those injured in the 1986 chernobyl disaster

4. patients who have undergone radiation therapy

a. 1,2, 3, and 4

b. 2, 3, and 4 only

c. 1, 3, and 4 only

d. 1, 2, and 3 only

a. 1, 2, 3, and 4

grenz rays (low energy x-rays) were once used to treat and successfully cure:

a. lupus disease

b. cancer

c. acute radiation syndrome

d. skin diseases such as ringworm

d. skin diseases such as ringworm

during the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome, after the prodromal stage, the period when symptoms that affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular systems become visible is called:

a. manifest illness

b. the cytogenetic syndrome

c. recovery

d. the latent period

a. manifest illness

early tissue reactions are:

a. result of irradiation of acellular tissue

b. common in diagnostic imaging

c. result of grenz rays in a diagnostic x-ray beam

d. not common in diagnostic imaging

d. not common in diagnostic imaging

during the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome, following the prodromal stage, a period of false calm may occur, lasting several days. this stage is called:

a. the latent period

b. recovery

c. the cytogenetic syndrome

d. manifest illness

a. the latent period

which of the following is/are considered low-LET radiation(s)?

a. alpha particles

b. x-rays

c. alpha particles and gamma rays

d. x-rays and gamma rays

d. x-rays and gamma rays

because the genetic information to be passed on to future generations is contained in the strict sequence of nitrogenous bases, the loss or change of a base in the DNA chain represents a(an):

a. bleb

b. covalent cross-link

c. mutation

d. aneuploidy

c. mutation

because the master molecule is unique in any given cell, no similar molecules in the cell are available to replace it; if a critical location on the master molecule is a target receiving multiple hits from ionizing radiation, the master molecule may be inactivated. if this occurs, what is the consequence for the affected cell?
a. increased pressure on the cell membrane leading to immediate rupture

b. loss of all intracellular fluid

c. normal cell function will cease, and the cell will die

d. disruption of cell chemistry only

c. normal cell function will cease, and the cell will die

which of the following curves illustrates the radiation sensitivity of a particular type of cell?

a. cell specialization curve

b. dose-response curve

c. cell extrapolation curve

d. cell survival curve

d. cell survival curve

which of the following groups of cells is least radiosensitive?

a. lymphocytes

b. adult nerve cells

c. immature spermatogonia

d. nerve cells in an embryo-fetus

b. adult nerve cells

OH+OH= ____

a. HOH+

b. HOH-

c. H₂O

d. H₂O₂

d. H₂O_2,

which of the following humans is most radiosensitive?

a. a fetus during the third trimester of gestation

b. an embryo-fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy

c. mature adult

d. 5 year old child

b. an embryo-fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy

when free radicals previously produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules act on a molecule such as DNA, the damaging action of ionizing radiation is indirect in the sense that the radiation is not the immediate cause of injury to the macromolecule. what is the immediate cause of this damage?

a. excitation of the atoms of the biologic macromolecules

b. the free radicals produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules

c. the recombination of a positively charged water molecule with an electron

d. enzymes released from biologic macromolecules

b. the free radicals produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules

which of the following statements is true concerning patients who receive radiation exposure from a routine radiographic procedure such as a chest x-ray?

a. patients are expected to sustain some damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination

b. patients are expected to sustain appreciable damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination

c. patients are not expected to sustain appreciable damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination

d. patients are expected to sustain damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination, resulting in fatality

c. patients are not expected to sustain appreciable damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination

the term apoptosis is synonymous with

a. mitosis

b. programmed cell death

c. point mutation

d. meiosis

b. programmed cell death

which of the following groups of cells is most radiosensitive?

a. muscle cells

b. lymphocytes

c. erythrocytes

d. adult nerve cells

b. lymphocytes

direct action may occur after exposure to any type of radiation, but it is more likely to occur after exposure to:

a. low-LET radiation such as gamma rays

b. high-LET radiation such as alpha particles

c. nonionizing radiation such as microwaves

d. low-LET radiation such as x-rays

b. high-LET radiation such as alpha particles

when LET increases, the chances of significant biologic response to the radiosensitive DNA macromolecule:

a. decreases considerably

b. also increases

c. decreases slightly

d. remains constant, not increasing or decreasing

b. also increases

neutrophils play an essential role in:

a. initiating blood clotting

b. initiating the circulation of blood through the human body

c. fighting infection

d. preventing hemorrhage

c. fighting infection

which of the following tissues contain cells that do not divide?

1. epithelial tissue

2. muscle tissue

3. nervous tissue in an adult

a. 1 and 2 only

b. 2 and 3 only

c. 1 and 3 only

d. all of the options

b. 2 and 3 only

if bone marrow cells have not been destroyed by exposure to ionizing radiation, they can:

a. become sensitive to future exposures to ionizing radiation

b. remain in circulating blood indefinitely

c. overpopulate and become radioresistant

d. repopulate after a period of recovery

d. repopulate after a period of recovery

which of the following is a category of white blood cell that is essential in fighting infections?

a. lymphocytes

b. erythrocytes

c. thrombocytes

d. granulocytes

d. granulocytes