Microbiology Exam 1 Content

Chapters 20-22

Spontaneous Generation

The former common thought that life forms spontaneously appear from nonliving matter, such as dead and decaying matter.

Theory of Biogenesis

All cells arise from preexisting cells, Rudolph Virchow, 1858.

Modern Aseptic Techniques

Used to prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms, standard practice in embalming.

Origins of Vaccinations

Edward Jenner, 1798, discovered that overcoming a cowpox infection created smallpox immunity.

Miasma Theory

The belief that poisonous vapors and foul smells caused disease, either endemic or epidemic.

Robert Hooke

1665, discovered cells through a compound microscope, basis of cell theory.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Reported the observation of microorganisms (animalcules) between 1674 and 1683.

Agostino Bassi

Proved a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus, 1835.

Ignaz Semmelweis

Demonstrated that childbirth fever could be spread by not washing your hands, 1840’s.

Joseph Lister

Applied germ theory to the treatment of his patients using phenol, 1860’s.

Paul Ehrlich

studies the staining of animal tissues.

Louis Pasteur

1865, discovered that a protozoan caused a silkworm disease that threatened the industry.

Francesco Redi

Challenged the theory of spontaneous generation in 1668. meat experiment.

John Needham

English clergyperson who tested the theory of spontaneous generation in 1745 using chicken broth.

Edward Jenner

1798, discovered cowpox created immunity to smallpox.

Koch’s Postulates

1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease.

2. The microorganism must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture.

3. The specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the microorganism is

inoculated into a healthy susceptible host.

4. The microorganism must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host.

Anthrax, Bacillus anthracis

Erythromycin, Penicillin, Tetracycline.

Boils, Carbuncles, Pneumonia, Septicemia, Staphylococcus aureus

Lincomycin, Penicillin, Vancomycin.

Botulism, Clostridium botulinum

Kanamycin, Penicillin.

Cholera, Vibrio cholerae

Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin.

Diphtheria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Lincomycin, Penicillin.

Gangrene, Clostridium perfringens & Gastroenteritis, Salmonella species

Kanamycin, Penicillin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Clindamycin.

Gonorrhea, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Penicillin, Tetracycline Sulfisoxazole.

Leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae

Kanamycin, Novobiocin.

Meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilis influenza, Cryptococcus neoformans

Penicillin, AmphotericinB.

Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Bordetella pertussis

Ampicillin, Penicillin, Tetracycline.

Black Plague, Yersinia pestis

Streptomycin, Tetracycline.

Pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcuspneumoniae

Colistin, Kanamycin, Neomycin, Penicillin.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Rickettsia rickettsia

Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline.

Strepthroat, Scarlet Fever, Rheumatic Fever, Streptococcus pyogenes

Erythromycin, Lincomycin, Penicillin.

Syphilis, Treponema pallidum

Erythromycin, Penicillin, Tetracycline.

Tetanus (Lockjaw), Clostridium tetani

Kanamycin, Penicillin.

Thrush, Candida albicans

AmphotericinB.

Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Isoniazid, Streptomycin.

Typhoid Fever, Salmonella typhi

Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline.

Urinary Infections, Escherichia coli

Ampicillin, Kanamycin, Sulfonamides.

Antibiotics: Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Lincomycin, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Tetracycline Sulfisoxazole

Interferes with protein synthesis.

Antibiotics: Penicillin, Vancomycin, Ampicillin

Inhibits cell wall synthesis.

Antibiotics: Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Neomycin

Induces abnormal protein synthesis.

Antibiotics: Novobiocin

Affects DNA formation.

Antibiotics: AmphotericinB

Damages cell wall.

Antibiotics: Colistin

Causes cell membrane deterioration.

Antibiotics: Isoniazid, Sulfonamides

Competitive inhibition.

Alexander Fleming

Accidentally discovered penicillin.

Binary Fission/Simple Transverse Fission

Asexual reproduction in bacteria. The cell splits into 2 parts which develop into 2 complete individuals.

Morphology

The study of the shapes, sizes, and arrangements or bacteria.

Prokaryotes

No nucleus.

Eukaryotes

Contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

Microbiology Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Domain Eukarya

Includes animals, plants, protists. Contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

Domain Archaea

Includes prokaryotic organisms that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls, often live in extreme environments but do not cause disease in humans.

Domain Bacteria

Includes prokaryotic organisms that have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, includes all disease causing prokaryotes.

Divisions of Microbiology: Bacteriology

The study of bacteria.

Divisions of Microbiology: Rickettsiology

The study of rickettsia.

Divisions of Microbiology: Virology

The study of viruses.

Divisions of Microbiology: Protozoology

The study of protozoa.

Divisions of Microbiology: Mycology

The study of fungi.

Bacteria

Prokaryotic, single-celled microorganisms existing as free-living organisms/parasites, multiply in binary fission, have a large range of biochemical properties.

Pathogenic Bacteria

Living, disease-causing microorganisms that make up less than 1% of bacteria species.

Mycoplasma

The smallest and simplest self-replicating bacterium, no cell wall, smallest free-living organism presently known.

Rickettsia

Disease causing, may be rod/sphere shaped, may change shapes, can only reproduce in a host cell.

Rickettsia (Genus)

Rod-shaped, gram-negative, intracellular parasitic bacteria.

Chlamydia

Nonmotile, gram-negative, intracellular disease-causing parasitic bacteria that replicates in the cytoplasm of host cells, spherically shaped, no flagella/capsule, rigid cell wall, lipid heavy cell membrane.

Protozoa

Belongs to kingdom protista, single-celled eukaryotes, some colonial, various motility mechanisms, no cell wall but may have rigid forms that change based on development. most are free living and do not cause disease, but some do. most abundant microorganism in the world. consumes bacteria and multicellular organisms.

Fungi

Filamentous, unicellular/multicellular organisms, lack chlorophyll, usually spore bearing.

Yeast

Fungus that typically has a capsule and is unicellular.

Mold

Fungus that is filamentous and multicellular.

Dimorphic Fungi

Alternate between unicellular and multicellular forms.

Virus

The smallest category of disease-causing microorganism, intracellular, infectious parasite, only capable of living and replicating in living cells. a piece of genetic material wrapped in protein, contains nucleic acid, DNA or RNA. multiplies using host cells own structures.

Bacteria Shapes

Spherical/circular, rod, spiral.

Bacteria Arrangements

Pairs, chain, cluster of grapes.

Prion

Misfolded, rogue form of a normal protein found in the cell, occurs spontaneously or by mutation.

Viroid

Virus-like circular RNA, self-replicating, no capsid, targets plants.

Spillover

When a virus jumps from one species to another.

Dimorphic Fungi

Alternates between unicellular and multicellular forms.

Fungi

Group of filamentous, unicellular/multicellular organisms lacking chlorophyll, capsule, usually bearing spores.

Protozoa

Kingdom Protista, unicellular, eukaryotic, some colonial, no cell wall, various motility, rigid forms, mostly non-pathogenic, most abundant organism on earth.

Chlamydia

Nonmotile, gram negative bacteria, pathogenic, intracellular parasites, spherical, no capsule or flagella, lipid heavy cell membrane, rigid cell wall.

Dimorphic

May change shape, can only reproduce in a host cell.

Rickettsia

Pathogenic, rod shaped, gram negative intracellular parasitic bacteria.

Mycoplasma

Smallest, simplest, self-replicating bacteria, sized in between a virus and a bacteria, no cell wall.

Bacteria

Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms existing as free-living or parasitic microorganisms that reproduce through binary fission.

coccus

Shaped like a sphere or ball.

staphyl

Clustered together.

aureus

A golden yellow color.

Diplococci

Spheres arranged in pairs.

When first seen by scientists through a microscope, microorganisms and cells were referred to as ___.

Animalcules.

Theory of Biogenesis

The growth of microorganisms can be controlled because living cells can only arise from preexisting cells.

Spirilla

Curved or corkscrew shaped bacterial cells.

Vibrio

Bacteria shaped like curved rods.

Spirochete

Spiral shaped bacterial cells that are surrounded by an axial filament that allows them to control their movements by turning like corkscrews.

Antagonism

Mutual opposition or contrary action and in microbial relationships refers to the inhibition of one microorganism’s growth by the presence of another.

Commensalism

Exists when one organism gains some benefit such as protection or nourishment and the host is not harmed.

Symbiosis

When 2 or more species live together in close association.

Mutualism

Exists when 2 different species live in close association and mutual benefit of each other.

Parasitism

Exists when the host is harmed while the parasite receives benefit.

Synergism

Occurs when the harmonious action of 2 microorganisms produces an effect that neither could produce alone.

Hypertonic Solution

Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Hypotonic Solution

Water moves in the cell, causing it to swell and burst.

Isotonic Solution

Cell remains unchanged because the movement of water in and out of the cell is the same.