Chemistry (H) Chapter 5 Study

H

Hydrogen

Li

Lithium

Na

Sodium

K

Potassium

Rb

Rubidium

Cs

Cesium

Fr

Francium

Be

Beryllium

Mg

Magnesium

Ca

Calcium

Sr

Strontium

Ba

Barium

Ra

Radium

B

Boron

Al

Aluminum

Ga

Gallium

C

Carbon

Si

Silicon

Ge

Germanium

Sn

Tin

Pb

Lead

N

Nitrogen

P

Phosphorus

As

Arsenic

Sb

Antimony

Bi

Bismuth

O

Oxygen

S

Sulfur

Se

Selenium

Te

Tellurium

Po

Polonium

F

Fluorine

Cl

Chlorine

Br

Bromine

I

Iodine

At

Astatine

He

Helium

Ne

Neon

Ar

Argon

Kr

Krypton

Xe

Xenon

Rn

Radon

Hg

Mercury

Cu

Copper

Fe

Iron

Co

Cobalt

Au

Gold

Ag

Silver

Zn

Zinc

Cd

Cadmium

Cr

Chromium

Mn

Manganese

Ni

Nickel

Pt

Platinum

Ti

Titanium

Mo

Molybdenum

V

Vanadium

Ac

Actinium

La

Lanthanum

U

Uranium

Pu

Plutonium

by the early 1800s, how many known elements were there?

50-60 known elements

there were too many known elements to remember individually, so chemists started looking for _____ within elements

patterns

who discovered the “triads”

johann dobereiner

what are the “triads

a group of three elements with SIMILAR PROPERTIES, the atomic mass of the second being the average of the first and third

who discovered the law of octaves?

John Newlands

what is the Law of Octaves?

if the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, there is a repetition of similar properties every EIGHTH element

who made a 7 row x 7 column table for the law of octaves?

John Newlands

another name for noble gases

inert gases

when were noble gases discovered?

late 1800s/early 1900s

who was the father of the periodic table?

Dmetri Mendelev

why did Dmetri Mendelev modify Newlands’ table?

to leave gaps for undiscovered elements

2 ways mendelev’s periodic table was arranged

had periods arranged by increasing atomic mass, and groups were arranged by similar properties

what was mendelev’s periodic law

if the elements are arranged in order of increasing ATOMIC MASS, there is a periodic repetition of similar properties

mendelev predicted the existence of which 6 elements?

Sc, Ga, Ge, Tc, Re, Po

HOW did Mendelev predict the existence of 6 elements?

when putting the periodic table together, some elements did not fit in the next space according to their properties. when he moved them to fit, gaps were left. the gaps were undiscovered elements.

how did mendelev predict the PROPERTIES of the 6 unknown elements?

he average the properties of the elements below and above the gaps. (remember the gaps in the periodic table represented the unknown elements).

what was a problem with mendelev’s table?

the atomic masses and properties of some pairs of elements were reversed (like Cobalt to Nickel)

what did mendeleev say about atomic mass?

with better instruments and equipment, atomic masses will be found in the correct order

what did henry Moseley discover?

discovered that the frequency of x rays were proportional to the atomic numbers of the metal producing the x ray, which determined atomic numbers.

what is the modern periodic law

if the elements are arranged in order of increasing ATOMIC NUMBER, there is a periodic repetition of SIMILAR PROPERTIES

how can the mass of an element change?

isotopes exist

pattern of periods/series

indicate the number of energy levels and valence shells of an atom

pattern of groups/families

indicates an atom’s number of valence electrons and can be used to determine ionic charge of some elements

why do elements in the same group have similar properties?

they have the same number of valence electrons

group IA (Group 1) name

Alkali Metals

two characteristic of alkali metals and electron configuration

very reactive, hard to find in nature, s^1

group IIA (Group 2) name

Alkaline Earth Metals

one characteristic of alkaline earth metals and electron configuration

you can find them in nature, s²

group VIIA (group 17) name

halogens

two characteristics of halogens and electron configuration

very reactive, hard to find in nature, s²p^5

group VIIIA (group 18) name

noble gases

one characteristic of noble gases and electron configuration

unreactive, s²p^6

what are 4 possibilites for physical states of elements

solid, liquid, gas, and sometimes synthetic elements

synthetic elements meaning

those that do not appear in nature but have been created by man using nuclear reactions

what are the only 2 liquid elements on the periodic table at room temp?

mercury and bromine

what are representative elements

A groups (groups 1-2, 13-18)

what are transition elements, and what is their chemistry like

B Groups (groups 3-12). chemistry is UNPREDICTABLE due to atomic structure

what is the lanthanide series and its electron configuration

elements with atomic number ranging from 57-70. s² f^1-14

what is the actinide series and its electron configuration

elements with atomic number ranging from 89 to 102. s² f^1-14