MCAT FL 1

how does pressure impact chemical reaction equilibrium?

a decrease in pressure causes the reaction to shift to the side with more moles of gas. an increase in pressure causes the reaction to shift to the side with less moles of gas

anomers

differ only in the absolute configuration at their anomeric carbon, which is the carbon at the center of the hemiacetal group whose configuration (alpha/beta) determines whether -OH is axial or equatorial

what elements don’t follow normal aufbau principle?

any elements ending in d⁵ or d⁹ shift their electrons from the s orbital to the d orbital which is more energetically favorable

what particles are affected by a magnetic field when traveling perpendicular

charged particles, NOT neutral photons

beta minus decay

unchanged atomic mass, increases atomic number by 1, emits electron

phosphoanhydride bond

links phosphate groups together in nucleotide triphosphate, broken by hydrolysis

cathode

negative pole in gel electrophoresis

pH > pI

protein becomes deprotonated, negatively charged

pH < pI

protein becomes protonated, positively charged

how is pH affected with exhaling

pH becomes more acidic due to carbonic acid forming

lactone ring

result of condensation of alcohol group and carboxylic acid group in the same molecule, creating a cyclic ester

how do the number of protons impact ionic radii

the more protons, the smaller radii becuase the electrostatic force is greater

400-700 nm

visable spectrum

relationship between glucose and galactose

epimers, same chemical formula but differ only by one stereogenic center

lipid raft

microdomains within cell plasma membranes that are enriched with cholesterol and sphingolipids, more organized than the rest of the plasma membrane, resulting in a more tightly packed and rigid structure

incomplete penetrance

individual may carry a disease-causing genotype but fail to express the phenotype

variable expressivity

variation in symptom intensity

nondisjunction

occurs in meisos II, sister chromatids fail to seperate which produces gametes with either an extra or missing chromosome. This trisomy or monosomy after fertilization causes a zygote to be aneuploid

maternal inheritance

mitochondrial DNA

adenine

guanine

cytosine

thymine

validity

accuracy

hierarchy of salience

individuals will hold identities that are higher in the hierarchy, or more important, as more relevant in a particular situation

primary circular reaction

involve repetitive behavior centered on the child’s body and which the child finds soothing

functionalism

views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability, looks at the system as a whole

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

caused by thiamine deficiency, associated with alcohol consumption

self efficacy

our belief in our ability to succeed, can motivate or hinder us in pursuing a task

stereotype threat

person is anxious or concerned about inadvertently confirming a negative stereotype about their social group

negative reinforcement

removing unpleasant stimulus