Period 2 Test Review - APUSH

Vocabulary flashcards created from APUSH Period 2 Test Review covering dissenters, Native-colonial conflicts, regional development of the 13 colonies, Middle Colonies rebellion and religious tolerance, and the Great Awakening.

Roger Williams

A Puritan dissenter who argued for religious freedom, separation of church and state, and fair dealings with Native peoples. After being banished from Massachusetts, he founded Rhode Island.

Anne Hutchinson

A religious dissenter who challenged Massachusetts Puritan leaders by emphasizing an individual's direct relationship with God. She was banished from Massachusetts and later helped settle Rhode Island.

Half-Way Covenant

A 1662 agreement that allowed the children of baptized but unconverted Puritans to receive partial church membership. It was created in response to declining church participation.

Salem Witch Trials

A series of witchcraft accusations, trials, and executions in Massachusetts in 1692. The crisis reflected religious fears, social tensions, local rivalries, and political instability.

Pequot War

A 1637 conflict between English colonists and the Pequot people in New England. The war severely weakened the Pequot and helped expand English control in the region.

King Philip's War

A war from 1675 to 1676 between New England colonists and a coalition of Native peoples led by Metacomet. It resulted in major Native losses and expanded English control over New England.

Metacomet

A Wampanoag leader also known as King Philip. He organized resistance against English settlement during King Philip's War.

Native Resistance

Efforts by Native peoples to defend their land, political independence, cultures, and communities against European colonial expansion. Resistance included warfare, diplomacy, migration, trade, and alliances.

Native-Colonial Relations

The interactions between Native peoples and European colonists, including trade, diplomacy, cultural exchange, warfare, treaty-making, and land conflicts.

13 Colonies

The 13 British colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America that later declared independence and became the United States.

Religious Motivations for Colonization

Reasons for colonization connected to religious goals, such as seeking religious freedom, creating a godly community, converting Native peoples, or escaping persecution.

Economic Motivations for Colonization

Reasons for colonization connected to profit, land ownership, trade, cash crops, natural resources, and mercantilist competition.

New England Colonies

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. These colonies were shaped by Puritan influence, town-based settlement, small farms, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. They were known for fertile farmland, trade, commercial ports, ethnic diversity, and religious pluralism.

Southern Colonies

Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Their economies depended heavily on cash crops, plantations, land expansion, and enslaved labor.

Regional Differences

The distinct economic, political, social, religious, and geographic characteristics that developed among the New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies.

Ethnic and Religious Diversity

The presence of many cultural, ethnic, and religious groups within colonial society. This was especially characteristic of the Middle Colonies.

Jacob Leisler

A merchant and militia leader who led Leisler's Rebellion in New York from 1689 to 1691. His rebellion reflected class, ethnic, and political divisions within the colony.

Leisler's Rebellion

A political uprising in New York following England's Glorious Revolution. Jacob Leisler and his supporters challenged the authority of colonial elites.

Quakers

Members of the Society of Friends, a Christian group that emphasized the "Inner Light," equality, pacifism, simplicity, and religious toleration.

William Penn

A Quaker who founded Pennsylvania in 1681 as a colony based on religious toleration, representative government, and economic opportunity.

Pennsylvania

A Middle Colony founded by William Penn. It attracted diverse settlers because of its fertile land, religious toleration, and economic opportunities.

Religious Pluralism

The coexistence of multiple religious groups within the same society. It was especially characteristic of the Middle Colonies.

Great Awakening

A Protestant religious revival that spread through the colonies during the 1730s and 1740s. It emphasized emotional religious experiences, personal conversion, and a direct relationship with God.

George Whitefield

An English evangelical preacher whose dramatic sermons attracted large crowds and helped spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies.

Jonathan Edwards

A New England minister and theologian associated with the Great Awakening. He emphasized human sinfulness, divine judgment, and the need for personal conversion.

"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

A famous sermon delivered by Jonathan Edwards in 1741. It warned listeners about the consequences of sin and urged them to seek salvation.

New Lights

Religious supporters of the Great Awakening who favored emotional preaching, revival meetings, and personal conversion experiences.

Old Lights

Religious leaders and congregations who opposed or criticized the Great Awakening. They favored traditional churches, educated clergy, and more formal worship.

Religious Revival

A period of renewed religious enthusiasm and participation, often involving emotional preaching, mass conversions, and challenges to established religious authority.