CCJ101 Exam 1

Criminal Justice Exam 1 Review

Entrapment

Officers cannot force someone into a crime they wouldn’t have done otherwise

Dual Sovereignty

State & federal governments are distinct entities; separate violations do NOT violate the 5th amendment (civil vs federal law)

Felony Murder Doctrine

Accomplices can be held liable even if they were in the unknown

Miranda Rights

Only have to be read before interrogation

Cultural Universals

• Issues cultures must address

  • Laws, religion, schools, family, etc.

Criminal Justice System

• Institution of social control

• Focus on behaviors defined as “criminal”

• Society’s “last line of defense”

“The System”

• Loose confederation

  • 50,000+ agencies, federal, state, & local

Systems View

• Based of consensus

Non-systems View

• Based on conflit & competition

• Criminal justice is multiple independent systems

  • Municipial, state, & federal courts

  • Different goals, objectives & jurisdictions

Defining Crime

• Law is a variable standard

• Laws change over time & space

Street Crime

• Murder, rape, robbery, assault, theft, etc.

• High risk; Low reward

• Typically male perpetrated & victimization

• Not a legal category; encompasses other crimes

Property Crime

• Larceny, theft, burglary, auto-theft, vandalism, etc.

• More common than violent crime

• Reflects humanity’s focus on life over property

Violent Crime

• Assault (most common form, murder, rape, etc.

• More serious than property crime

• Typically male offenders by A LOT (77%)

• Males are mostly victims by a bit (51%)

  • We victimize the groups we socialize with the most

Hate Crime

• More recent

• Not a specific offense; underlying prejudice

• Massive increase in recent times

Victimless Crime

• Prostitution, drug use, gambling, public intoxication, etc.

• Argued title (always a victim)

White Collar Crime

• Bribery, fraud, insider trading, embezzlement, price fixing, etc.

• Low risk; High reward

Cybercrime

• Denial of service attacks, ransomeware, child pornography, fraud & scams, cyberbullying, identity theft, phishing, etc.

• Technology & the internet

Discretion

• The choice between several options

  • Officers can give a warning or a ticket, even if going the same speed

Human Rights

• Contains variety across cultures

• Typically contains a right to life, liberty, and the prusuit of happiness AKA Declaration of Independence

Goals of Criminal Justice

• Enforcing the law

• Protecting rights of citizens

Models of Criminal Justice

• Due Process

• Crime Control

Hate Crime Statistics

• Majority is race/ethnicity/ancestry in 2020

• Adds to sentencing

• Zombie-fires

Zombie-fires

• Issues that seem to disappear but can flare back up

Forms of Homicide

• Excusable

• Justifiable

• Criminal

• Relationship

Justifiable Homicide

• Includes citizen & police

Criminal Homicide

• Includes

  • Manslaughter

    • Voluntary

    • Involuntary

  • Murder

    • Felony

    • 1st & 2nd degree

Relationship Homicide

• People related to each other are more likely to commit homicide

Norms

• Folkways

• Mores

• Taboos

• Laws

Folkways

• Conventions of customs

Mores

• Norms of morality

Taboos

• Certain behaviors that are absolutely forbidden

Laws

• Formal body of rules

Criminal Law

• Penal code

• Violators of society rules are prosecuted & tried according to law

• Fundamental principle

  • Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena, Sine LEge

    • No crime & no punishment except as prescribed by law

Categorizing Law

• Substantive Law

• Procedural Law

• Mala in se vs. Mala prohibita

• Felony vs. Misdemeanors

• Criminal vs. Civil

Substantive Law

• Answers “What is illegal?”

Procedural Law

• Answers “How is the law enforced?”