CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION 1

INSTITUTIONAL ADMINISTRATION

CORRECTION

A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.

CORRECTION

It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes the body knowledge and practices of the government and the society in general involving the process of handing individuals who have been convicted of offenses for purposes of crime prevention and control.

CORRECTION

It is a generic term that includes all government agencies, facilities, programs, procedures, personnel, and techniques concerned with the investigation, intake, custody, confinement, supervision, or treatment of alleged offenders.

CORRECTION AS A PROCESS

It refers to the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or her from repeating his deviant or delinquent actions without the necessity of taking punitive actions but rather the introduction of individual measures of reformation.

PENOLOGY

It is the study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study of control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders.

PENOLOGY

The term is derived from the Latin word “POENA” which means pain or suffering and “POENALIS” which means punishment.

PENOLOGY

Is otherwise known as Penal Science. It is actually a division of criminology that deals with prison management and the treatment of offenders, concerned itself with the philosophy an practice of society in its effort to repress criminal activities.

SOCIOLOGY OF LAW

It deals with understanding the nature of criminal law and its procedure of administration.

CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY

It is concerned with determining the causes of factors of crime occurence.

PENOLOGY/PENAL SCIENCE

It deals with management and administration of inmates.

PENAL MANAGEMENT

It refers to the manner of practice of managing or controlling place of confinement in jails or prisons.

CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION

It is the study and practice of a systematic management of jails or prisons and other institutions concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.

CARPETA

It refers to the institutional record of an inmate which consists of his mittimus / commitment order, the prosecutor’s information and the decision of the trial court, including the appellate court, if any.

COMMITMENT

The entrusting for confinement of an inmate to jail by competent authority for investigation, trial and/or service of sentence.

COMMITMENT ORDER

It is a written order of the court or any other competent authority consigning an offender to jail or prison for confinement.

CONTRABAND

It refers to any articles, item or thing prohibited by law and/or forbidden by jail rules.

ILLEGAL CONTRABAND

Type of contraband that is prohibited by law.

NUISANCE CONTRABAND

Type of contraband that is prohibited only by jail rules.

COED INSTITUTION

Or co-correctional institution, which holds both male and female offenders who interact and share the facility except for sleeping areas. They study, eat, dance, work, and engage in leisure activities within one campus.

CONVICT BOGEY

Society exaggerated fear of the convict and ex-convict which is usually far out of proportion to the real danger they present.

CORPORAL PUNISHMENT

The infliction of physical pain as a form of punishment.

DETAINEE

A person who is confined in prison pending preliminary investigation, trial or appeal; or upon legal process issued by competent authority. A person accused before a court or competent authority who is temporarily confined in jail while undergoing investigation, awaiting final judgement.

PRISONER/INMATE

Either a prisoner or detainee confined in jail.

PRISONER/INMATE

As defined in Bureau of Corrections Operation Manual, it refers to a national prisoner or one sentenced by the court to serve a minimum term of imprisonment of more than three years or to a fine of more than P1000; or regardless of the length of the sentes for violation of the Customs law or other laws within the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Custom or enforceable by it, or for violation of election or immigration laws;or one sentenced to serve two or more prison sentences or aggregate exceeding the period of three years, whether or not he has appealed.

PRISONER/INMATE

It shall also include a person committed to the bureau by a court or competent authority for safekeeping or similar purpose. Unless otherwise indicated, “inmate” shall also refer to a “detainee”.

DETERRENCE

A crime-control strategy that uses punishment to prevent others from committing similar crimes.

CLASSIFICATION

It refers to the assigning or grouping of inmates according to their sentence, gender, age, nationality, health, criminal records, etc.

CLASSIFICATION

It is a method by which diagnosis, treatment, planning, and execution of treatment programs are coordinated to an individual.

CLASSIFICATION

It refers to the process of assigning inmates to types of custody or treatment programs appropriate to their needs.

DIVERSIFICATION

Administrative device of correctional institutions of providing varied and flexible types of physical plants for more effective control of the treatment programs of its diversifed population.

DIVERSION

Establishment of alternatives to formal justice system such as deferred prosecution, resolution of citizen’s dispute, and treatment alternatives to street crimes.

DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION

A crime strategy that focues on keeping the offenders in the community rather than placing them in long-term institution.

DETERMINATE SENTENCE

A fixed period of incarceration imposed on the offender by the court.

ESCAPE

It refers to an act of getting out unlawfully from confinement or custody by an inmate.

ESCAPE

It is derived from the Greek word ESPCAPIO and from the Latin word ESCAPIUM which means BY CHANCE OR ACCIDENT.

MITTIMUS

A warrant issued by a court bearing its seal and the signature of the judge, directing the jail or prison authorities to receive inmates for custody or service of sentence imposed therein.

PENANCE

An ecclesiastical punishment inflicted by an ecclesiastical court for some spiritual offense.

PENAL SERVITUDE

A punishment which consists in keeping an offender in confinement and compelling him to labor.

PENALTY

It refers to the suffering that is inflicted by the State for the transgression of the law.

PENITENTIARY

A prison, correctional institution, or other place of confinement where convicted felons are sent to serve out the term of their sentence.

PRISON RECORD

This refers to the information containing an inmate’s personal circumstances, the offense he committed, the sentence imposed, the criminal case numbers in the trial appellate courts, the date he commenced service of his sentence, the date he was received for confinement, the place of confinement, the date of expiration of his sentence, the number of previous convictions, if any, and his behavior and conduct while in prison.

PROSELYTIZING

This refers to the act of coercing of an inmate to change and practice other religion.

PRISONIZATION

It is a process by which an inmate learns through socialization; in accordance with the rules and regulation of the penitentiary culture.

REHABILITATION

It is a program of activity directed to restore an inmate’s self-respect thereby making him a law-abiding citizen after serving his sentence.

SAFEKEEPING

The temporary custody of a person for his own protection, safety, or care; and/or his security from harm, injury or danger for the liability he has committed.

STATUS OFFENSE

These are certain acts or omissions which may not be punishable socially or legally if committed by adults but become anti-social or illegal because the offender is a minor.

BLUE-FLU

The practice of uniformed personnel of taking sick leave EN MASSE to back-up their demands for improved working conditions, salary increments, and other items on their agenda.

FURLOUGH

Authorization that permits inmate to leave containment for emergency family crises, usually accompanied by correctional officer crises include visiting “death-bed”.

• NOT MORE THAN 30 KM RADIUS FORM THE PRISON FACILITY

• MORE THAN 30 KM BUT YOU CAN RETURN IN DAYLIGHT TIME

• DURATION IS FOR 3 HOURS ONLY

• CANNOT JOIN THE FUNERAL PROCESSION

• REQUEST AT LEAST 3 DAYS BEFORE THE DATE OF VISIT

• APPROVED BY THE TRIAL COURT

• INMATES CONFINED IN MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISON COMPOUNDS ARE DISQUALIFIED TO AVAIL THE PRIVILEGE OF FURLOUGH

Rules On Furlough

HALF-WAY HOUSES

These are non-confining residential facilities for adjudicated adults or juvenile or those who are subject to proceedings. Thjey are alternative to containment for persons not suited for probation who need period of re-adjustment to the community after imprisonment.

HALF-WAY OUT

Pre-release facility used to orient the prisoner before release for adjustment purposes in coping in the outside.

PRE-RELEASE

Place for parole eligible.

PAROLEES

Granted parole but needs assistance in coping outside.

HALF-WAY IN

Consisting of prisoners who are half way in prison includes: probation violators and parole violators.

INDETERMINATE SENTENCE

It sets minimum and maximum period of incarceration.

INSTRUMENT OF RESTRAINT

It is a device, contrivance, tool, or instrument used to hold back, keep in check, or control an inmate; e.g., handcuffs, leg irons.

EXPUNGE

This refers to the process by which the record of crime conviction is destroyed or sealed after expiration of statutorily required time.

JAILBREAK

The escape from jail by more than two (2) inmates by the use of force, threat, violence or deceit or by breaching security barriers such as by scaling perimeter fence, by tunneling and/or by other similar means or by burning or destructing of the facility or a portion of the facility with or without the aid of jail officer or any other person.

OPERATION GREYHOUND

It is a surprise and unannounced invasion of a cell inside a prison facility conducted by uniformed personnel of the prison establishment to search for any type of contraband.

WEEK-END CONFINEMENT / DELAYED SENTENCE

An offender is allowed to retain current employment and permit sentences to be served during weekends.

PRISON

Derived from the Greco-Roman word PRESIDIO - PRE means BEFORE and SIDIO means INSIDE. It is synonymous to a FENCED-CAVED or DUNGEON.

JAIL

It is said to have been derived from the SPANISH word JAULA which means a CAGE. Etymologist attributed that is originated from the SPANISH word meaning a place of confinement; It is also said to have been derived from the FRENCH word GAOL pronounced as “GEOLE”, a place for arrested personns who committed a crime.

JAIL

The legal definition as stated in the case captioned People vs. Caricaban, 13672-CR dated 09 Sept. 1965, “It is a building or place of confinement of arrested or sentenced persons. It is usually made up of cells which are small rooms or enclosures where prisoners are actually kept or confined”.

LOCK-UP

It is a security facility for the temporary detention of persons held for investigations or awaiting preliminary hearing.

ORDINARY

It houses both offenders awaiting court action and those serving short sentences usually up to 3 years.

WORKHOUSE, JAIL FARM OF CAMP HOUSES

It detains minimum custody prisoners with constructive work programs.

13th CENTURY - SECURING SANCTUARY

In the 13th Century, a criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refugee in a church for a period of 40 days at the end of which time, he has compelled to leave the realm by a road or path assigned to him.

BENEFIT OF THE CLERGY

In the 13th Century, a compromise between the church and the king, wherein any member of the clergy brought to trial in the king’s court shall be claimed from the jurisdiction by the bishop or chaplain representing him and placed under the authority of the ecclesiastical court. It was provided for the clergies in Europe during the 12th Century by giving them exemption for criminal punishment.

PIRACY ACT OF 1717

It was an act of the parliament of Great Britain that established a 7 years penal transportation to North America as a possible punishment for those convicted of lesser felonies.

GAOLS (JAILS)

Pre-trial detention facilities operated by English Sheriff.

GALLEYS

Long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails usually rowed by criminals. A type of ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16th century.

HULKS

Decrepit transport, former waships used to house prisoners in the 18th and 19th century. These were abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of relieving congestions of prisoners. They were also called “floating shells”.

THE GULAG

The term Gulag of Igorot Mountain tribe according to linguist refers to a wooden-fence where convicted felons were imprisoned by the elders.

THE GULAG

At the height of the Banawe Rice-Terraces construction, the tribe Chieftain considers it a crime for any able-bodied male who refuses to work at the terraces, if found guilty of such idleness he will be sent to the Gulag.

THE GULAG OF GERMANY

This is the infamous Gulag prison of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in Germany where thousands of Jews were man-slaughtered during the reign of Adolf Hitler.

THE GULAG OF RUSSIA

It is a corrective acronym for labor camp, a penal institution established in 1918 after Russian Revolution. It was the most feared prison during the reign of Joseph Stalin between 1934 to 1947.

PENOLOGICAL THEORIES

The first attempt to explain crime was made by the Athenian philosopher, Aristotle. In his book “Nicomedean Ethics”, he discussed corrective justice, thus - “punishment is a means of restoring the balance between pleasure and pain”.

ST. AUGUSTINE AND ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

Proponents of secular laws, secular laws were advocated by Christian philosophers who recognized the need for justice.

JUDEAN-CHRISTIAN THEORY

Which was at its fullest development during the death of Christ in 30 AD. This theory of expiation believes that punishment has redemptive purpose of repelling sin advocated by the devil.

CLASSICAL SCHOOL

It maintains the “doctrine of psychological hedonism” or “free will”. That the individual calculates pleasures and pains in advance of action and regulate his conduct by the result of his calculations.

NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL

It maintained that while the classical doctrine is correct in general, it should be modified in certain details. Since children and lunatics cannot calculate the differences of pleasures from pain, they should not be regarded as criminals, hence, they should be free from punishment.

THE POSITIVIST/ITALIAN SCHOOL

The school that denied individual responsibility and reflected non-punitive reactions to crime and criminality. It adheres that crimes, as any other act, is a natural phenomenon. Criminals are considered as sick individuals who need to be treated by treatment programs rather than punitive actions against them.

RETALIATION (PERSONAL VENGEANCE)

The earliest remedy for a wrong act to anyone (in the primitive socierty). The concept of this by the victim’s family or tribe against the family or tribe of the offender, hence, “blood feuds” were accepted in the early primitive societies.

DEATH PENALTY / CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

Affected by burning, beheading, hanging, breaking at the wheels, pillory and other forms of medieval executions.

DEATH CONVICT

This refers to an inmate were death penalty/sentence imposed by the Regional Trial Court is affirmed by the Supreme Court.

PHYSICAL TORTURE / CORPORAL PUNISHMENT

It is affected by maiming, mutilation, whipping and other inhumane or barbaric forms of inflicting pain.

SOCIAL DEGREDATION

The act of putting the offender into shame or humiliation.

BANISHMENT OR EXILE / OSTRACISM / OUTLAWRY

The sending or putting away of an offender which was carried out either by prohibition against coming into a specified territory such an island to where the offender has been removed. (Presently known as Destierro)

GARROTE

An iron collar attached upon a scaffold formerly used in Spain and Portugal. The convict is sealed on the improvised chair with both hands and feet tied. Then, the victim’s neck is placed on the collar attached to it. Finally, the iron collar is slowly tightened by the screw at the back of chair by the executioner until the death convict is pronounced dead. This method of execution was abolished in the Philppines by virtue of Act 451.

HANGING

Mostly, the execution is conducted at dawn. The executioner will place a cloth over his head. Steel weights are strapped to the legs of the death convict to ensure that he/she will die quickly. Then, the rope will be placed around the neck of the convict, and finally, the platform will be removed.

ELECTRIC CHAIR / SILIA ELECTRICA

The convict is seated on a chair made of electrical conducting materials with strap of electrodes on wrist, ankle and head. Upon orders, the levers will be pulled-up and the fatal volts of alternating current pass the body until the convict dies. If ever the convict is still alive, the lever shall be pulled again until he is pronounced dead.

LETHAL INJECTION

Developed in 1942 by an anesthesiologist in Nevada. Components of chemics used are:
Non-Lethal Dose (SODIUM THIOPENTAL) - a sleep inducing barbiturate commonly used in surgery to put the patient asleep;
Lethal Dose (PANCURONIUM BROMIDE) - a drug capable of paralyzing the muscles;
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE - capable of stopping heartbeat within seconds and this is commonly used in Heat-by-pass operations.

STONING / LAPIDATION

It is a form of execution wherein the condemmed person is pelted with stones.

BEHEADING

A form of capital punishment practiced in ancient Greece and Europe, the punishment is reserved for offender of high rank and for notorious criminals. The condemmed man’s neck is placed on the wooden curved wood specially designed for the purpose. Most often, the doomed-man is black hooded with both hands tied at the back before his head is positioned at the chopping block. At a given signal, the head is axed and the severed head fall on the truck provided therefore.

CRUCIFICATION

A person convicted to death was nailed on the cross with both hands and feet to add ignominy to his agony and humiliation he was crowned with the spected of vines and spines on his head. Then the Roman pears were thrust to his flesh body and died of asphyxiation.

BURNING AT STAKE

It is a form of execution wherein the convict is tied in a pole and then sets on fire alive.

FEEDING TO THE LIONS

The offender is thrown in a lion’s den.

PILLORY

Bouvier’s Dictionary defines it as a wooden machine, in which the neck of the doomed culprit is inserted thereof and usually executed in public as a means of punishing the offenders in Europe and Colonial America.

PILLORY

Is a wooden frame with three curved holes in it (two for the left and right wrists and the middle-curved hole is for the neck) and mounted on the post upon a platform, the condemmed man was left to die at the mercy of unfriendly weather. Other similar forms with holes for the offender’s feet are called as STOCK.

DECAPACITATION

Derived from a LATIN word “DE” meaning FROM and “CAPUT” meaning HEAD. Instead of using axe, the method employed is by the use of a sword and the practice is widespread in China and Muslim States.