HomeThe Tumultuous ‘60s Domestic Policies John F. Kennedy - **Space Program**: Aimed to land on the moon; part of broader technological advancements. - **Civil Rights**: Efforts made to strengthen voting rights laws and assist schools in voluntarily desegregating. Policies gained momentum post-assassination. New Frontier - **Objectives**: Address social, economic, and technological challenges. - Expand civil rights. - Federal aid for education. - Space exploration (Apollo program). - Fight poverty and stimulate economic growth. - **Success**: Laid groundwork for civil rights, advanced the Apollo program, promoted economic growth. Lyndon B. Johnson - **War on Poverty**: Programs to reduce poverty. - **Medicare**: Health insurance for the elderly. - **Medicaid**: Aid for poor and elderly care. - **VISTA**: Volunteers in Service to America, similar to domestic Peace Corps. - **Job Corps**: Education and skills for employment. - **Office of Economic Opportunity**: Coordinated anti-poverty programs. - **Public Broadcasting Act**: Supported educational programming (PBS). Great Society - **Objectives**: Eliminate poverty, racial injustice, improve education, healthcare, and the environment. - **Programs**: Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, Medicare, Medicaid, War on Poverty. - **Success**: Reduced poverty, expanded healthcare access, strengthened civil rights. Foreign Policies John F. Kennedy - **Peace Corps**: Sent volunteers abroad to aid in education and health in developing countries. - **Alliance for Progress**: Economic assistance to Latin America, supported infrastructure and education. - **Bay of Pigs**: Failed invasion of Cuba, tarnished US reputation. - **Cuban Missile Crisis**: US-Soviet standoff over missiles in Cuba, led to communication improvements and enhanced US global standing. - **Berlin Wall**: Soviet actions in Berlin did not directly affect US but had geopolitical implications. Lyndon B. Johnson - **Pueblo Incident**: Capture of US Navy ship by North Korea; perceived weakness for the US. Key Events Assassination of JFK - **Assassin**: Lee Harvey Oswald. - **Warren Commission**: Investigation into JFK's assassination, leading to various conspiracy theories. Civil Rights Movement Key People - **Martin Luther King, Jr.**: Led major protests and marches. - **Malcolm X**: Advocated for Black separation and founded OAAU. - **Stokely Carmichael**: Leader in the Black Power movement. - **Jackie Robinson**: Integrated Major League Baseball. - **James Farmer**: Co-founded CORE and led Freedom Rides. - **James Meredith**: Integrated the University of Mississippi. - **Medgar Evers**: NAACP leader, assassinated. - **Huey Newton**: Founded the Black Panther Party. - **Elijah Muhammad**: Promoted separate nation for black Muslims. - **Robert Kennedy**: Enforced civil rights laws and protections. Legislation - **Civil Rights Act 1964**: Prohibited discrimination. - **Voting Rights Act 1965**: Eliminated voting loopholes. - **Civil Rights Act 1968**: Addressed housing discrimination. - **24th Amendment**: Abolished poll taxes. Protests - **Greensboro Sit-Ins**: Led to desegregation in dining. - **March on Washington**: Famous "I Have a Dream" speech. - **Selma March**: Highlighted voting rights and met police resistance. - **Freedom Summer**: Exposed voter suppression and racial violence. - **Freedom Riders**: Challenged interstate segregation laws. Civil Rights Groups - **SNCC**: Aimed to register black voters; part of the Freedom Summer project. - **CORE**: Focused on ending segregation in interstate transport. - **SCLC**: Led by MLK, used peaceful protests to highlight racial injustice. - **Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party**: Challenged segregationist political structures