Phonetics midterm

define language

a rule-governed, dynamic system that we use to communicate. It could be through speech (primarily), writing, or gestures.

difference between an articulation disorder and a phonological disorder?

articulation disorder: motor planning and inability to physically make a sound

phonological disorder: issue with the patterns and rules (fronting, gliding)

‘normal’ sound system

what is typical for a speaker in that language and dialect

phoneme

smallest linguistically significant sound that has meaning and creates contrast.

phonology

study of patterns of sounds for a particular language

allophone

phoneme that have different variations of how we say a sound, but it does not change the meeting. ph is aspirated

phonetics defintion

study of production and perception of sound o

behaviorist model

a model of speech acquisition that has roots in Pavlov and Skinner and utilizes operant conditioning

Natural phonology

phonological patterns/processes are an intergral part of this theory of acquisition

age of first word

1

naturalness

linguistic features that are more common, easier, simpler.

commonly seen speech sound errors

fronting

gliding

cluster reduction

tiers of nonlinear phonology

diary study

researcher in depth examines one participate (usually own child) over a period of time.

large cross sectional studies

compare groups of children

anatomical location of the larnyx

higher for babies, then lowers

phonological awareness and literacy

phonological awareness is a strong predictor for later reading success

describing vowel /i/

high front tense unrounded

labiodental articulation

front teeth bite down on your bottom lip

describing the consonant /m/

bilabial, nasal, voiced

two ways to classify consonts and vowels

distinctive features and traditional

+High feature

tongue is above neutral

two allophones of /p/

ph aspirated and

p regular

obturator

dental appliance often used to replace part of the hard palate

large classification of SSD

organically based and those of unknown cause

variables of intelligibility with someone with cochlear implant

modified input

age they got the implant

down syndrome

genetic disorder caused by an extra 21 chromosome

how hearing loss effects speech

speech production and suprasegmentals

cleft lip

doesnt always result in a SSD

tongue adaptability

the tongue is an adaptable muscle and it can compensate when part of its surgically removed

newborn hearing screenings

required in the US

speech sound disorders comorbidity

they do not always occur in isolation with something else

macroglossia

enlarged tongue

ankoglossia

short frenulum

internal discrimination

hearing the difference between the correct and incorrect sounds in your own speech

external discrimination

hearing the difference of a correct/incorrect sound in someone else

removal of hard palate effects

disrupts the closure needed for airflow

sounds could become nasal

stimuability

someones ability to create a sound when instructed/modeled

connection between otitis media and SSD

connected, children with frequent ear infections could have a SSD

4 primary articulators

tongue

teeth

lips

hard palate

speech definition

expression of linguistic utterances through movements in the vocal tract

communication disorder

impairment in the ability to use language for communication

speech delay

persistance of normal errors beyond typical timeframe

deviant

errors not observed in young childrens development

gesture

linguistically significant movement of a vocal tract structure

number of english sound

44/45

complementary distrubution of allophones

two or more allophones do not occur in the same position

free variation of allophones

allophones can occur in the same postion without affecting meaning

vowels

produced with no significant constriction in the vocal tract, and with voal fold vbration

consonants

produced with significant constrictions in the vocal tract, with some obstruction in the flow of air

syllable

vowels are the nucleus and consonants are the edges

distinctive features

phonemes are combinations of features that are on or off

formants

resonances in the vocal tract

sonorants

have to be made with vibrations of vocal tracts

vowels!

traditional descriptions of vowels

height

front/back

tense/lax

rounding

diphthongs

entail some change during the production of the vowel sound

two targets

I owe a boy a plow

place

where the constriction occurs in the vocal tract

manner

how the constriction is articulated

suprasegmentals

above the units

stress, intonation

co-articulation

one sound affects the articulation of other sounds

sneeze/snooze

aerodynamics in speech

speech is a physical act, we have to control the movement of air

high pressure to lower pressure

egressive air

english sounds; air flows inside to outside

types of sensory feedback

tactile

proprioceptive

kinesthetic

auditory

generative phonology

speech sounds are generated by transforming underlying representations to surface forms

underlying form

phonological representation

surface form

phonetic representation

non-linear phonology

nonsequential, there is not one order to acquire sounds

optimality theory

how we apply the patterns and rules in phonology

markedness

output is simplified (optimality theory)

faithfulness

output is faithful to the language (optimality theory)

phases of speech sound acquisition

1. Laying the Foundation (birth to 1)

2. Transitioning from words to speech (1 to 2)

3. The growth of the inventory (2 to 5 years)

4. Mastery of speech and literacy (5+ years)

relational analysis

compares the examinee’s score to others amd adults form

independent analysis

takes inventory on what the child can produce

conversational sample

see’s the child’s connected speech and to assess length of utterance

word list speech sample

examiner knows the target word and you can test all sounds

broad transcriptiion

only marks the contrasts

narrow transcription

marks how he sound is produced using diacritics

contextual testing

allows clinicians to examine any phonological or morphological environments in which the child might have to produce the target phoneme