Immuno Exam 3 - Dr. Mackin

Fever

What internal temperature is considered a fever in dogs?

103

What is the doctor name for fever?

pyrexia

What sets the thermoregulatory set point?

hypothalamus

What is the issue when a hot animal wants to be cooler?

hyperthermia

What is the issue when a hot animal wants to be warmer?

fever

What is the different between fever and hyperthermia?

thermoregulatory set point

What happens to the thermoregulatory set point in an animal with a true fever?

reset to a higher leverl

What are the things that regulate a fever?

pyrogens

What are exogenous pyrogens?

organisms, antigens, foreign substances, and drugs

What are the endogenous pyrogens?

IL1, IL6, and TNF

What pyrogens reset the thermoregulatory set point?

prostaglandins

What do exogenous pyrogens trigger the release of?

endogenous pyrogens

What do endogenous pyrogens trigger the release of?

prostaglandins

What do prostaglandins like PGE2 do?

reset thermoregulatory set point

What secretes endogenous pyrogens?

phagocytes

How do the cytokines (pyrogens) travel to the hypothalamus?

in blood

What secretes prostaglandin?

hypothalamus

What causes shivering, higher metabolic rate, inhibition of sweating, and vasoconstriction?

nerve impulses

What is released as a non-specific responses to many infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases?

endogenous pyrogens

What are the mediators of a systemic inflammatory reponse?

endogenous pyrogens

An animal presented with a temperature of 105 and is excited, agitated, distressed: whats the issue?

hyperthermia

An animal presents with a temperature of 104, is panting, has red mucous membranes, is sweating, and is cold-seeking. Whats the issue?

hypertermia

If a dog presented with a temperature of 108 or greater, what is the issue?

hyperthermia

A dog presents with a temperature of 104, is lethargic, depressed, and anorectic. What is the issue?

fever

A dog presents with a temperature of 104 and is shivering/huddling, has piloerection, and is heat seeking. What is the issue?

fever

What is the maximum fever seen in dogs?

107

T/F Fevers are a reason for emergency medical attention in dogs

FALSE

T/F Infection is NOT the only cause of fever

TRUE

What is the most common cause of fever?

bacterial infection

What are the five causes of fever?

infectious, inflammatory, immunologic, neoplastic, drug-associated

Why may we have fever?

as a protective mechanism

How does fever enhance host immunity?

increases leukocyte mobility, enhanced phagocytosis, increased proliferation of t cells

How does a fever inhibit bacterial growth?

reducing serum iron concentration

What type of cells does fever kill?

neoplastic cells

What goes and kills bacteria after pahgocytosis?

lysosome

What is a complex reaction in vasculatized connective tissue?

inflammation

What leads to an accumulation of fluid and white blood cells in extravascular tissues?

inflammation

What does inflammation remove?

organism/toxin and dead cells/debris

What is the cause of cell injury that can be removed from inflammation?

organism/toxin

What is the consequence of cell injury that can be removed from inflammation?

dead cells/debris

What leaves the vessels that results in inflammation?

fluid and white blood cells

What are potentially harmful consequences of fever?

hypersensitivity, chronic inflammatory disease, immune-mediated disease, scar tissue/fibrosis, and systemic inflammatory response

Where are the chemicals that mediate the inflammatory process derived from?

plasma and cells

What are the chemicals derived from plasma and cells that mediates the entire inflammatory process?

inflammatory mediators

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation (latin)?

rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, functio laesa

What inflammatory mediators are histamine and serotonin?

vasoactive amines

What inflammatory mediators are prostaglandins and leukotrienes?

plasma proteases and arachidonic acid metabolites

What inflammatory mediators are IL1, IL6, TNFalpha?

cytokines

What are the vasoactive amines?

histamine and serotonin

What are the plasma proteases and arachidonic acid metabolites?

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

What cytokines are inflammatory mediators?

IL1, IL6 and TNFalpha

What releases cytokines?

lymphocytes, macrophages, EC

What is the complete loss of appetite?

anorexia

What is a partial loss of appeite?

hyporexia

What is decreased body condition?

malaise

What protein goes down with fever aka negative phase protein?

albumin

What deficiency can result from a chronic inflammatory response?

iron

What does a glucocorticoid change on a CBC?

WBC

What mediates anorexia/cachexia?

cytokines

What mediates lethargy/malaise?

cytokines

What mediates neutrophilia, anemia of chronic disease, and glucocorticoid release?

cytokines

What on chemistries get higher with fever?

globulin

What is weight loss?

Cachexia

When all else fails, and the fever persists, what could a rare cause fever?

brain tumor

What are predictable laboratory results in a patient with fever?

inflammatory/stress leukogram, anemia, mild hypoalbuminemia, mild hyperglobulinemia

With fever globulin is ______, while albumin is ______

high, low

Why should you not worry about fevers and leave the cooling part alone?

stress

If you must, what can you treat a fever with?

NSAIDs