A & P Speech and Hearing Exam #2

Velum (Soft Palate) Movement:

The primary movements of the velum are: directing airflow

• up & back

• down & forward

Palatal Levator: This muscle is primarily responsible for drawing the velum ________.

Drawing the velum UP & BACK!

What is the function of the Uvulus Muscle?

This is the only intrinsic muscle of the velum.

What is the Nasopharynx?

• Remains open

• Located above the velum.

Pharyngeal divisions (top to bottom):

TOP: Nasopharynx

MIDDLE: Oropharynx

BOTTOM: Laryngopharynx

What is the maxilla?

• upper jaw (facial bone)

• forms the floor of the nasal cavities

What is the mandible?

• elevation (close jaw)

• depression (open jaw)

• protrusion (stick out)

• retraction (draw back)

• side to side

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with the ligaments:

-Temporomandibular

-Sphenomandibular

-Stylomandibular

*stabilize and limit movement

Pharyngeal-oral lumen:

LENGTH and WIDTH changes impact sound

boundaries

• anterior: lips

• posterior: anterior facial pillars

• superior: hard palate (nasopharynx)

• inferior: epiglottis (laryngopharynx)

• lateral: cheeks

Where is the Buccal cavity:

-lies to the sides of the oral cavity

-constitutes the space between the gums & teeth (gingivae) internally

-lips & cheeks (buccae) externally

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue:

• superior longitudinal

• inferior longitudinal

• transverse

• vertical

*both ligaments within change SHAPE

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

-genioglossus

-hyoglossus

-styloglossus

-palatoglossus

Oriented OUTSIDE & INSERTS within

CHANGES POSITION

moves tongue as a whole

Orbicularis oris:

-forms sphincter around mouth

-moves lips towards each other and forward

-moves corners of the mouth in several directions

-forces lips/corners of mouth against the teeth

What are the primary roles of Velopharyngeal-nasal function?

• regulate airflow

• control separation between oral and nasal cavities

Velopharyngeal closure for speech:

OPEN: for nasal sounds

CLOSED: for stop-plosives

Airway resistance:

-airflow influences resonance

airflow ^ = resistance ^

Velopharyngeal-nasal acoustic impedance:

-opposition to the flow of sound

Coarticulation:

-influence of the articulatory movements of one sound on another

-support the idea that speech is NOT produced through fixed, segmented movement

Consonant Description:

-PLACE

-MANNER

-VOICING

Passive forces:

-recoil of structures

-surface tension

-gravity

-aeromechanical force

Pharyngeal-oral lumen size and configuration:

Changes occur by adjusting positions of structures that line airway

(The space in your mouth and throat changes size and shape when parts of your mouth and throat move)

Pharyngeal-oral structural contact pressure:

-how hard articulator are being pressed against each other

-most important contributor: muscular pressure

Pharyngeal-oral airway resistance:

greatest contributor-change in cross-section (width or size) of airway (where air passes through)

Pharyngeal-oral acoustic impedance:

main contributor: change in cross-section of airway