A. SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

The scientific study of the human mind and behavior.

Psychology

The first psychologist; first to use the scientific method to study the mind and first to build a psychology laboratory in 1879.

Wilhelm Wundt

Different approaches to studying the mind and behavior.

Psychological schools of thought

A school of thought that identifies the basic elements or structures of psychological experience.

Structuralism

A key figure in structuralism who coined the term "structuralism" and was a student of Wilhelm Wundt.

Edward Titchener

A key figure in structuralism and the founder of the first psychology laboratory.

Wilhelm Wundt

The examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes.

Introspection

Its reliance on subjective perception, which contributed to its decline.

Structuralism's limitation

A school of thought that seeks to understand how mental processes operate and how they help individuals adapt to their environment.

Functionalism

The most prominent figure of functionalism, although functionalism had no clear leader.

William James

A school of thought that emphasizes perceiving an object as a whole rather than as separate parts.

Gestalt Psychology

A key figure in Gestalt psychology.

Max Wertheimer

Wolfgang Köhler

Kurt Koffka

A school of thought proposing that behavior is influenced by unconscious drives and emphasizing early life experiences.

Psychoanalysis

A key figure in psychoanalysis.

Sigmund Freud

A key figure in psychosocial.

Erik Erikson

An unconscious force or motivation that influences a person's behavior.

Unconscious drive

Experiences during early development that psychoanalysis considers important in shaping behavior and personality.

Early life experiences

A school of thought focused on observable behavior and proposing that behavior is learned through interaction with the environment.

Behaviorism

A key figure in behaviorism.

John Watson

A key figure in behaviorism known for research on learning and conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

A key figure in behaviorism known for operant conditioning.

B.F. Skinner

A school of thought focused on understanding mental processes and the internal mental structures and representations that shape behavior and learning.

Cognitivism

A key figure in cognitivism who studied cognitive development.

Jean Piaget

A key figure in cognitivism who emphasized cognitive development and social influences on learning.

Lev Vygotsky

A key figure in cognitivism known for his work on moral development.

Lawrence Kohlberg

A school of thought focused on individual agency, personal growth, and maximizing human potential.

Humanism

A key figure in humanism known for his theory of human needs and motivation.

Abraham Maslow

A key figure in humanism who emphasized personal growth and individual potential.

Carl Rogers

Humanism emerged partly in response to the pessimistic views of psychoanalysis and the disregard for personal agency in behaviorism.

Humanistic psychology's emergence

A psychologist asks a person to describe the individual sensations, feelings, and images they experience while looking at a flower. Which school of thought is being used?

Structuralism

A researcher studies the basic components that make up a person's conscious experience. Which school of thought is this?

Structuralism

A psychologist studies how different mental processes help a person survive and adapt to their environment. Which school of thought is being used?

Functionalism

A student becomes better at remembering information because memory helps them adapt to the demands of school. A psychologist studies how this mental process serves a practical purpose. Which school of thought is this?

Functionalism

A person sees several separate shapes as one organized pattern rather than focusing on each shape individually. Which school of thought explains this?

Gestalt Psychology

A person looks at a drawing and immediately recognizes a complete face instead of seeing only separate lines and shapes. Which school of thought explains this?

Gestalt Psychology

A therapist believes that a person's current anxiety may be influenced by unconscious conflicts from childhood. Which school of thought is being applied?

Psychoanalysis

A person repeatedly behaves in a certain way without understanding why, so a psychologist looks for hidden unconscious motivations. Which school of thought is this?

Psychoanalysis

A psychologist explains an adult's personality by examining important experiences during childhood. Which school of thought emphasizes this?

Psychoanalysis

A researcher observes how often a child behaves aggressively after receiving different types of rewards or punishments. Which school of thought is being applied?

Behaviorism

A teacher gives a student a reward for answering correctly, and the student becomes more likely to answer correctly in the future. Which school of thought explains this?

Behaviorism

A psychologist studies how a person's memory, attention, and problem-solving affect their behavior. Which school of thought is being applied?

Cognitivism

A student uses a mental strategy to remember a long list of information. A psychologist studies the internal mental process involved. Which school of thought is this?

Cognitivism

A child learns a difficult concept by using previous knowledge and developing new ways of thinking. Which school of thought focuses on this mental development?

Cognitivism

A therapist encourages a client to make their own choices, understand themselves, and develop their abilities. Which school of thought is being applied?

Humanism

A student sets personal goals and works toward becoming the best version of themselves. Which school of thought emphasizes this pursuit of personal potential?

Humanism

A psychologist focuses on personal growth, free choice, and the desire to reach one's full potential. Which school of thought is this?

Humanism