Intro to BME Biomechanical Engineering Exam
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156 Terms
what does biomechanical engineering ask
how forces act on the body and what these forces do
what does statics study
forces in systems at rest
what does dynamics study
forces in motion
what do deformable body mechanics study
stretching, failure, and material behavior
what do fluid mechanics study
blood and airflow
molecular
molecule to molecule mechanical interactions
what is an example of molecule to molecule interaction
kinesin
what is the cellular scale
forces on and btween cells, including mechano transduction
what is mechanotransduction
cells responding to physical forces
what is the tissue scale
muscle, bone, joints, biomaterials and their mechanical function
what do the shape and composition of tissues determine
how they resist forces, transmit motion, or deform
what can a stiff material do
protect a structure
what can a compliant material do
stretch
what activates muscles
nervous system signals
what generates force?
muscles
what are muscles for
posture, movement, and shock absorption
how do muscles generate force
pulling on bones across joints
what are the two protein filaments in muscle contraction
actin and myosin
What is the contractile unit of a muscle
sarcomere
what is muscle made of
fascicle
whats a fascicle made of
muscle fiber
whats a muscle fiber made of
myofibril
whats a myofibril made of
sarcomere
what are sarcomeres made of
made of actin and myosin
whats the first step in a contraction sequence
an action potential arrives
whats the second step in a contraction sequence
an action potential propogates through t tubules
whats the third step in a contraction sequence
the sarcoplasmic reticulus releases calcium
whats the fourth step in a contraction sequence
calcium binds troponin
what system is shifted when calcium binds troponin
the troponin tropomyosin system
what forms crossbridges? and what happens after?
actin and myosin form crossbridges and contraction follows
What happens to ATP before the signal
hydrolyzed by myosin and primed
what happens after the signal ends
the system resets
What is the definition of biological variability
anatomy and responses from different individuals vary among each individual
how do engineering designs respond to biological variability
they need to account for these differences
what do t tubules do
transmit electrical signals deep into the muscle to make sure everything is stimulated
what does calcium do
binds to troponin and therefore moves tropomyosin so proteins can bind and contract
what creates a moment
force acting at a distance from a pivot
what is moment also known as
torque
what is the formula for moment
F x d
what is d?
perpendicular moment arm
what is the relationship between distance and moment
same force farther from joint gives larger moment
What is static equilibrum?
where all forces, horizontal, vertical, and cw/ccw forces balance
what is the sum for static equilibrum?
Fx = 0 Fy = 0 Fx = 0, sum Mz = 0
How to draw a Free body diagram
isolate body segment, draw external forces, label distances and angles, choose positive directions, write equilibrium equations
how to find fx measured from the horizontal
fx = f cos (angle)
how to find fy measured from the horizontal
fy = f sin (angle)
what component do you use for torque
perpendicular to moment arm
what is the purpose of bones
support and protection of the body
what do joints provide
mobility or stability
what is the epiphysis
end of long bones
what is the epyphisys rich in
cancellous (spongey bone)
what is the diaphysis
the shaft, it is rich in compact bone
what happens in spongy bone
red marrow and blood cell productions
what does compact bone contain
osteons and lamella
why are collagen fibrils specifically arranged
to resist forces along the bone’s long acis
what builds bones
osteoblasts
what breaks bone down
osteoclasts
what do bones store
calcium, phosphate and carbonate
what is collagen
a polymer network
what is a mineral phase
hydroxyapatite
what do collagen and hydroxyapatite do
they product mechanical behaviour different from either component
Synarthrodial/fibrous joints
little or no movement
amphiartrhotic/cartilaginous
some movement (vertebrae)
Diarthrodial / synovial
extensive movement (knee)
humeroulnar
hinge, flexion and extension
humeroradial
hinge, flexion/extension/rotation
proximal radioulnar
pivot, supination pronation
biceps
flexion and supination, scapula to radius
triceps
extension, scapula/humerus to ulna
brachialis
flexion, humerus to ulna
Brachioradialis
flexion and assists forearm rotation, humerus to radius