Bio 160 exam 1

1) What are the levels of life's organization

Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, organism, tissue, organ, organ system, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.

2) What is an atom

A particle of matter made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

3) What is a molecule

Two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds.

4) What is an organelle

A compartment inside a eukaryotic cell that performs a specific function.

5) What is a cell

The smallest unit of life that can function independently.

6) What is an organism

A single living individua system, such as a plant, animal, fungus, or bacterium, that can carry out life processes independently

7) What is a tissue

A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

8) What is an organ

Two or more tissues that work together as an integrated unit.

9) What is an organ system

Two or more organs that are physically or functionally linked.

10) What is a population

Members of the same species living and reproducing in the same region.

11) What is a community

A group of interacting populations living in the same region.

12) What is an ecosystem

A community and its nonliving environment.

13) What is the biosphere

The part of Earth where life can exist; all of Earth's ecosystems.

14) What is an emergent property

A quality that results from interactions among the parts of a system.

15) What are the properties of life

Life is organized, requires energy, maintains homeostasis, reproduces, grows and develops, and evolves.

16) What is homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment when outside conditions change.

17) What is asexual reproduction

Reproduction that produces virtually identical copies of one parent.

18) What is sexual reproduction

Reproduction that combines DNA from two parents and creates genetic diversity.

19) What is development

Growth and other changes that occur as an organism matures.

20) What is natural selection

Environmental conditions favor organisms with adaptations that increase survival and reproduction.

21) How does energy flow through an ecosystem

Energy usually enters from the sun, moves to producers and then consumers, and is eventually lost as heat.

22) How are nutrients recycled in an ecosystem

Decomposers recycle nutrients back into the nonliving environment.

23) What is energy

The ability to do work.

24) What is a nutrient

A substance organisms need to live and grow.

25) What are producers/autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food using energy and nutrients from the environment.

26) What are consumers/heterotrophs

Organisms that eat other organisms.

27) What is DNA

The molecule that stores genetic information and passes it from parents to offspring.

28) What are traits

Characteristics of an organism, such as height or eye color.

29) What is inheritance

The passing of genetic information and traits from parents to offspring.

30) What is reproduction

The process by which organisms produce offspring.

31) What are the two broadest taxonomic levels

Domain and kingdom.

32) What is a domain

The broadest and most inclusive taxonomic category.

33) What is a kingdom

The taxonomic category below domain.

34) How are organisms categorized based on the presence or absence of a nucleus

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.

35) What are the three domains of life

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

36) What is Archaea

A domain of prokaryotes with unique structures and chemistry.

37) What is Bacteria

A domain containing Earth's most abundant organisms; bacteria are structurally simple but diverse.

38) What is Eukarya

A domain containing organisms with complex cells, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals.

39) What are the four kingdoms of Eukarya

Protista (Protists),Fungi (Fungi),Plantae (Plants),Animalia (Animals)

40) What is a protist, and give an example.

Algae. A protist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus

41) What is an example of a plant

Oak tree.

42) What is an example of a fungus

Mushroom.

43) What is an example of an animal

Human.

44) What are the steps of the scientific method

Observation and questions, hypothesis and prediction, data collection, analysis and conclusions, publication, and peer review.

45) What is a hypothesis

A testable explanation for an observation or question.

46) What is a prediction

A specific result expected from a hypothesis.

47) What is an experiment

A test of a hypothesis carried out under controlled conditions.

48) What is a variable

A changeable element in an experiment.

49) What is an independent variable

The factor that the investigator changes or manipulates.

50) What is a dependent variable

What the investigator measures to determine the outcome.

51) What is an experimental group

The group that receives the treatment or independent variable.

52) What is a control group

The untreated group or placebo group used for comparison.

53) What is a scientific theory

A broad explanation supported by evidence and more widely accepted than a hypothesis.

54) When does a hypothesis become a scientific theory

A hypothesis does not simply become a theory; a theory is a broad explanation supported by a large amount of evidence.

55) What are the basic building blocks of matter

Elements.

56) What are the four most abundant elements in living organisms

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

57) What is the structure of an atom

The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, while electrons surround the nucleus.

58) What is a proton

A positively charged particle found in the nucleus.

59) What is a neutron

A neutral particle found in the nucleus.

60) What is an electron

A negatively charged particle that surrounds the nucleus.

61) What is the atomic number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

62) What is the mass number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

63) What is an ion

An atom that has gained or lost electrons.

64) When does an atom become an ion

When it gains or loses electrons.

65) What is electronegativity

An atom's tendency to attract electrons.

66) What is a chemical bond

An attractive force that holds atoms together.

67) How do atoms interact

Atoms interact by forming chemical bonds using their electrons.

68) What are the three types of chemical bonds

Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds.

69) What is an ionic bond

An attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

70) What is an example of an ionic bond

Sodium chloride.

71) What is a covalent bond

A bond in which atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

72) What is a hydrogen bond

An attraction between opposite partial charges on molecules or parts of a large molecule.

73) What is a nonpolar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally.

74) What is a polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are attracted more strongly to one atom.

75) What is polarity

A molecule having areas with slightly different charges.

76) What is cohesion

The attraction of water molecules to each other.

77) What is adhesion

The attraction of water molecules to other substances.

78) What is hydrophilic

Attracted to water; water-loving.

79) What is hydrophobic

Repelled by water; water-fearing.

80) What is a solution

A mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent.

81) What is a solute

A substance that dissolves in a solvent.

82) What is a solvent

A substance in which other substances dissolve.

83) Why is water essential to life

Water is cohesive and adhesive, dissolves many substances, regulates temperature, expands when frozen, and participates in chemical reactions.

84) Why does ice float

Ice is less dense than liquid water.

85) What is dehydration synthesis

A reaction that joins monomers together and releases water.

86) What is hydrolysis

A reaction that uses water to break polymers into monomers.

87) What are the four major organic molecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

88) What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates

Monomer: monosaccharides. Polymer: polysaccharides.

89) What are the building blocks of proteins

Amino acids.

90) What are the polymers of proteins

Polypeptides

91) What are the building blocks of nucleic acids

Nucleotides.

92) What are the polymers of nucleic acids

polynucleotide

93) What are the building blocks of lipids

Glycerol and fatty acids.

94) Do lipids have a true polymer

No. Lipids do not form true polymers.

95) What are the three main types of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

96) What is a monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule, such as glucose.

97) What is a disaccharide

Two monosaccharides bonded together.

98) What is a polysaccharide

A chain of many monosaccharides.

99) What is starch

A polysaccharide that stores energy in plants.

100) What is glycogen

A polysaccharide that stores energy in animals.