global crim

What are war crimes?

Crimes committed by individuals and states during armed conflict and international aggression.

Two arguments in support of claim thet law of war does not exist

1- war is nor right to wrong, its about success of failure, 2- war is never justifiable

What is the just war theory?

Under certain circumstances, war is justified through established 'codes of war' that differentiate between just cause and just means.

What is 'just cause'?

The conditions under which it is considered acceptable to go to war, defined by the UN Charter ( self defense or authorization)

What is 'just means'?

the way war is fought once its started, what spiders and commanders can do , defined by the Geneva Convention.

What are the four elements of 'just cause'?

Just authority, just cause, just intention, and last resort.

'just authority'.

Only a just and legitimate political entity can initiate war.

just cause element

the reason (self defense, provocation, support of ally)

'just intention'?

Sticking to the original cause of war and withdrawing once it is achieved.

last resort

war is morally permissible only when there are no other ways to achieve the just cause

Why is the legality of the Vietnam War questioned?

Lack of legal declaration of war, the Vietnam war wasn’t popular, and moral concerns regarding its objectives.

why US doesn’t devalue war anymore

importance of secrecy and quick action in the Cold War era, ability to pass congress, and flexibility in regards to rules

What is American exceptionalism?

because US possess unique military and economic power, it has obligation to protect liberty and human rights worldwide, and therefore can be occasionally excused for violating international norms

where idea of American Exceptionalism came from

Idea coined by Alexia de Tocqueville in 1831, Ronald Reagan further discussed with city on hill idea

Arguments for American Exceptionalism

wealthiest country, biggest military, eradication of hunger and preventable diseases, building international cooperation

Arguments against American Exceptionalism

doesn’t behave any better, roots in European traditions, not current leaser in women or gay rights, world peace is overstated

examples of American exceptionalism

Japan bombing, 2003 invasion of Iraq, no consequences from ICC

What are International Criminal Tribunals?

Investigate crimes against humanity, courts that established for specific case due to how complicated the cases are and are dissolved after

examples of tribunals

tribunals for Rwanda and Yugoslavia

What is the mission of the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

To handle cases of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity on a permanent basis.

US explain eluctance for Treaty of Rome to establish ICC

wasn’t aligned with American exceptionalism, they have more countries they help, was against constitution, disadvantage for chances of mistakes

What are the three types of genocide identified by Raphael Lemkin?

Ancient genocide, modern genocide, and contemporary genocide.

ancient genocide

physical eradication

modern genocide

rid group of identity

contemporary genocide

combines ancient and modern

genocide

deliberate killing of group that shares identify characteristics of killing

genocide vs war crimes

motive for crimes, war crime is get to land, take resources not intentional at people

why is genocide a political controversial issue

term open to manipulation, invokes comparison to Holocaust

What caused the Rwandan genocide?

Political power struggle led by the Hutu majority against the Tutsi minority.

reason IC didn't intervene for Rwanda

IC didn't know what was happening, it was civil war rather than genocide, nothing could be done

non-mil tar actions that could have helped

cease fire negotiations, member at US embassy, jamming radio traffic

Darfur genocide causes

Civil war started hunting groups, original differences were economic, government supported forces trying to take land away

Rwanda vs Darfur genocidal flow

Rwanda volcanic quick and intense, Darfur were tidal in waves of violence

US reluctance for Darfur

because it considered Sudan a key partner in the war on terror and worried that going against Gosh and other Sudanese officials would lead to a disruption in cooperation on counter-terrorism.

What evidence does author proves genocide in Darfur?

Identified indicators of genocide including treatment of racial groups, victimization and testimonies from refugees.

What role does rape play in genocide?

Used to assert power and create offspring that mix ethnic identities.

role drug trafficking played in ICC

established more communication, mainly affects rich coutures so made it strong for them

drugs in wealthy countries through imports

easier to grow with more police corruption, cheaper to make/forced labor, need specific climate

war on drugs

Nixon declared, linking marijuana and black people for white people to fear

domestic consequences of war on drugs

mass incineration of minorities, boom in prison population, facilitation of modern criminal justice system

what causes drug trade to change in 1980/90s

globalization, more connections between organizations, development of synthetic drugs

how has globalization affected drug trade

larger drug supply by improving efficiency and opening up more opportunities

heroin from and why

Afghanistan, failed state, no effective government, mountainous terrain, destabilized

cocaine from and why

South America, intention of crack filed, use of coca leaves, large scales enterprise

What are cartels in drug trade?

Illicit consortia of independent organizations formed to control production and distribution of illegal drugs.

socio-political of Columbia created rise of cocaine cartels

The country's history of political instability, economic inequality, and weak state institutions created a fertile ground for illegal activities

Medellin cartel from other criminal syndatces

Robin Hood persona, transportation revolution the mode of cocaine, had political ambitions

How did the Medellin cartel revolutionize drug trade?

Introduced advanced transportation methods for cocaine delivery to the U.S with semisubmersible vessels

Who is Pablo Escobar?

Leader of the Medellin cartel, seen as a community hero and notorious for his violent tactics. Plata Y Plomo

Medellin Cartel fight extradition

didn’t have as much control on government or punishment, could intimidate to avoid arrest in Colombia

What are the main differences between Medellin and Cali cartels?

Medellin had political aspirations; Cali preferred to operate quietly and privately.

What is one reason why PKK carries out acts of terrorism in Turkey?

To gain independence for the Kurdish minority, terrorist group

war crimes perpetrated by Russia in Ukraine

targeting civilians, mass torture/sexual violence, forced deportations

Why does Pornhub allow content involving minorities on its website?

Lack of regulation on sent, market demand, content diversity

What have been some documented war crimes by Russia in Ukraine?

Targeting civilians, cultural sites, and acts classified as crimes against humanity.

Why did P Diddy carry out his crimes with impunity?

Due to his prominence and the influence that protected him.

Why does Pornhub allow content involving minorities?

Content exploitation of minorities reflects broader issues of representation and profit motives.

Why do Russian bombings target Ukraine's historical buildings?

To destroy Ukrainian identity and disrupt national unity.