lab 8

alimentary canal

continuous tube made up pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines and large intestines

additional organs of the digestive system

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancrease

function of the digestive system

• physically break apart food items

• break down large molecules

• absorb nutrients

• eliminate unused food

there are___ quadrants of oral cavity

4

each quadrant of the oral cavity includes

2 incisors

1 canine

2 premolars

2 molars

there are ___ total teeth, with # ____ teeth, and # ____ teeth

32, 16 maxillary, 16 mandible

how many baby teeth

20

function of mucous memebranes of oral cavity

produce saliva

what moves food down the alimentary canal

peristaltic contractions

what are the salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands

peritoneal cavity

membrane bound space in abdominopelvic cavity

visceral peritoneum

layer that covers digestive organs within the peritoneal cavity

mesentery

space in cavity that attaches organ to posterior abdominal wall and provide nerve passages

parietal peritoneum

forms outer wall of the peritoneal cavity and contains peritoneal fluid

intraperitoneal organs

orangs surrounded by peritoneal cavity

acronym for intraperitoneal organs

Silly- spleen

Lions- liver

Sip- stomach

Strawberry- small intestines

Gatorade- gallbladder

retroperitoneal organs

organs outside of or behind the peritoneum

ascending/descending colon of large intestines

rectum

kidneys

ureters

urinary bladder

uterus

greater omentum

large fatty extension of the mesentery that acts as a repository for intra-abdominal fat and visceral fat

what is linked with a larger greater omentum

higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

rugae

gastric folds inside the stomach that distend to increase surface area allowed the stomach to hold more food

path of food through stomach

enter as bolus via cardiac sphincter

exit as chyme through pyloric sphincter

enter duodenum

liver fn

absorption

elimination

nutrient releasep

portal triad

hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, common bile duct

gallbladder

bile storagep

pancreas fn

digestive enzymes, insulin, glucagon

spleen fn

immune function via the lymphocytes and macrophages it has that identify blood borne pathogens and initiates immune response

path of bile

1. bile made in liver

2. moves though hepatic duct

3. moves through cystic duct

4. arrives at gallbladder for storage

5. bile released from gallbladder for fat absorption

6. bile travels through cystic duct

7. through common bile duct to sphincter

8. sphincter allowed bile to flow into duodenum

majority of pancreas tissue is

exocrine tissue

what is the function of exocrine tissue in the pancreas

produce enzymatic secretions to neutralize acidic chyme and digest macromolecules

path of enymatic secretions in pancreas

move though pancreatic duct

then to common bile duct

enter duodenum

duodenum fn

use bile and pancreatic enzymes

neutralizes chyme

digests macromolecules

begins nutrient absorption

jejunum

upper left quadrant

main site of absorption

ileum

lower right quadrant

terminates at ileocecal junction with cecum of large intestines

appendix

dead end organ attached to cecum that may become painfuly inflamed

path of digestive contents through intestines

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

ileocecal junction

cecum

ascending colon

transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

rectum

anus

primary function of urinary system

adjust ionic composition of blood and eliminate wastes by filtering blood at the kidney

organs of urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

kidney fn

filter large amounts of water from blood from renal arteries and produce urine as waste

ureters

transmit urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

urinary bladder

temporary bladder storage

urethra

passage way for urine from bladder to go out of body

kidney makeup( out to in)

renal/fibrous capsule

renal cortex

renal medulla

• renal pyramids

• renal columns

renal columnsf

inward extension of cortex tissue that contain vascular and tubular components of nephrons

renal pyramids

regions of the medulla that contain vascular and tubular components of nephrons

nephrons

kidney’s function unit/cells that filter and modify blood plasma

path of urine in kidneys

1. renal pyramids collect urine in its collecting ducts

2. urine drains from collecting ducts into minor calyces

3. 2 minor calyces merge to form major calyces

4. multiple major calyces merge to form renal pelvis

5. renal pelvis narrows into ureter

6. ureter travels to reach urinary bladder

ureter

muscular tube that contracts in peristaltic waves( squeezing down) to move urin into urinary bladder

muscles of urinary bladder

detrusor muscle, internal uretheral sphincter, external urethral sphincter

detrusor musle

smooth muscles on top of bladder that respond involuntary to bladder walls stretching as bladder fills, causing them to contract the bladder to expel urine

internal urethral sphincter

region of smooth muscles that relaxes as urinary bladder contracts to involuntary cause you to pee

external urethral sphincter

voluntary muscle ring around urethra that can contract to prevent urination until an appropriate time

female urethral characteristics

very short urethra

external urethral sphincter lies immediately in front of vaginal opening

male urethral characteristics

long urethra that extend through prostate

external urethral sphincter

penis

parts of male urethra

1. prostatic urethra

2. membranous urethra

3. penile urethra

female reproductive system fn

oocyte(egg) production in ovaries

embryo transport by uterine tubes

embryo nourishment by the uterus

male reproductive systems fn

sperm production and transport

path of egg in tubes

1. egg released from ovary each month

2. eggs swept in infundibulum of uterine tubes by fimbriae

3. fertilization can occur either in infundibulum or ampulla

4. egg/embryo propelled through ampulla and isthmus by cilia and peristaltic contractions

5. fertilized embryo get to lumen of utuerus

6. embryo implanted into endometrium of uterus

testes

organ responsible for sperm production and serves as the primary source of testosterone in males

location of testes

in scrotum(thick pouch of skin under penis)

temperature regulation

sperm development occurs most efficiently at 3 degrees Celsius below core body temp

cremaster

muscular wall of scrotum which contracts and relaxes to elevates tests when cold and lower testes when hot

pampiniform plexus

network of veins that cool incoming arterial blood and lower testis temperatures

surrounds gonadal/testicular arteries

seminferous tubules

sperm is produced in these coiled tubes which make up most of testes

rete testis

tubule network that collects sperm from several seminiferous tubulese

epididymis

long coiled tube that lies across testes

ductus/vas deferens

what is cut during vasectomy to that sperm cannot get in semen because it connect to urethra

path of sperm transport

1, made in seminiferous tubules

rete testos

efferent ductules

epididymis

ductus/vas deferens

ejaculatory duct

semen

fluid containing sperm and secretions from glands

seminal vesicles 2

fluid provides energy to sperm cells through fructose and contains buffers to neutralize vagina’s acidic environment to help sperm fight

prostate

makes prostatic fluid

houses prostatic urethra

two ejaculatory ducts that join it

bulbourethral glands(2)

secretes buffering mucus that neutralizes urinary acids present within urethra prior to ejaculation because acids kill sperm