Chapter 8 - Ethnicity and Racialized groups

Race

social distinction based on perceived physical/biological characteristics, social construction depending historical context but viewed as natural/permanent

Racialization

classify people by visible/observable characteristic/differences, social process of sorting into categories, changes over time (social construct)

Ethnicity

Membership in a group/category, share tradition/language/cultural heritage (community), not limited by race

Ethnic groups

people who share common homeland/language /culture, social constructed through practices?

William Roy

Race in Brazil linked social status, social constricted and reflect institution, upward social mobility linked to whiteness (not biologically determined)

Jane H. Yamashiro?

Race in Japan conflation of ethnicity/class/culture/language/citizenship, Constructed racial majority against foreigners

Georg Simmel

ethnic affiliation key part of society because connection → social cohesion, allow newcomer into society

Functionalism and Ethnicity

Ethnic diversity good for modern society, fill gaps in labour marker through immigration, new perspective → new innovation, immigration and ethnic affiliation help draw skilled labourers

Symbolic ethnicity

individualistic label that has little cost for individual, only for non racialized white (European), can highlight ethnic group without sanction from other members of society, Mary C. Waters

Mary C. Waters and Symbolic ethnicity

white people in us can select ethnic label (or not) choose if impact life/ comes with very little consequences, understood as default Americans (don’t specify white), pick and chose part of ethnicity, all the way ethnicity doesn’t affect white it does affect non white (life chances)

W.E.B. Du Bois

complexities of racialized identities, double consciousness of African Americans because of oppression (veil of prejudice/denied humanity)

Kimberle Crenshaw intersectionality

way identities come together to form unique experiences → invisible to law/policy, need to avoid missing/leaving people behind, women suffrage produce failure (put down black for white women), black women disproportionally discipline in education

Intersectional failure

continuation of inequality because invisible to law/policy

Discrimination

distinction/exclusion/preferential treatment based on arbitrary trait, risk person humanity and basic freedom, isn’t always racial (age/gender/class/religion)

Racism

discrimination/prejudice/antagonism directed against someone of different ethnicity/racialized group, based on belief of own racialized identity is superior, based social constructed race organized system built ideology

Prejudice

negative view based on hidden assumption about perceived race or ethnicity, related intelligence/morality/ valued qualities

Interpersonal racism 4 parts

Prejudice belief, someone who holds prejudice belief, racialized target (victim), Discriminatory act (action)

Types of interpersonal racism

Expressed racism, Microaggression

Expressed racism

explicit discrimination and prejudice, based on racialization or ethnicity

Microaggression

daily interaction with subtle/indirect/unintentional discrimination, covert form, cause othering

Othering

Simone de Beauvoir →2nd sex and women as other in relation to men, Gayatri Spivak →apply to race/colonialism and deliberate process to dived people (in vs out group) which lead power imbalance

Scientific racism

key source of othering, pseudoscience, want to scientifically establish racial differences → collapsed with population genetics, lead eugenics and forced sterilizations

Nikki Sanchez and Decolonization

prevent continued systemic inequality, historical bystander trauma

Institutionalized Racsim

embedded in everyday because built on colonialism, expressed in practices of social and political institutions, can be covert/unintended (school funding) or explicit (residential school/Chinese head tax)

Critical Race Theory

Race is social construction → created and preformed, Racism isn’t deviance → normal bc embedded in institutions (continued), White privilege, Voice of colour thesis, Racism allocates power/privilege →systemic

White privilege

unearned advantage, blinding dominant group to systemic racism (colourblind rhetoric)

Voice of colour thesis

Racialized individual have unique competence and authority to speak on lived reality and effects of racism