PSY312 Exam #2

Small Molecule neurotransmitters:

• A) Synthesized in the nucleus and packaged by the endoplasmic reticulum

• B) Synthesized in the mitochondria and packaged by the Golgi

• C) Synthesized in the axon terminal and stored in the nucleus

• D) Synthesized in cytoplasm and they are packaged by Golgi

• D) Synthesized in cytoplasm and they are packaged by Golgi

Large-Molecule neurotransmitters:

• A) Synthesized in soma by ribosomes and they are carried down microtubules

• B) Synthesized in cytoplasm and packaged by Golgi

• C) Synthesized in the axon terminal and stored in vesicles

• D) Synthesized in the nucleus and packaged by the endoplasmic reticulum

• A) Synthesized in soma by ribosomes and they are carried down microtubules

What are the steps in order of Neurotransmitters Molecules?

• A) 1. Ca2+ enters, 2. AP arrives at terminal buttons, 3. Voltage-gated calcium channels open, 4. Synaptic vesicles fuse and empty contents, 5. Coexistence

• B) 1. Synaptic vesicles fuse and empty contents, 2. Ca2+ enters, 3. AP arrives at terminal buttons, 4. Voltage-gated calcium channels open, 5. Coexistence

• C) 1. AP arrives at terminal buttons, 2. Voltage-gated calcium channels open, 3. Ca2+ enters, 4. Synaptic vesicles fuse and empty contents, 5. Coexistence

• D) 1. Voltage-gated calcium channels open, 2. AP arrives at terminal buttons, 3. Synaptic vesicles fuse and empty contents, 4. Ca2+ enters, 5. Coexistence

• C) 1. AP arrives at terminal buttons, 2. Voltage-gated calcium channels open, 3. Ca2+ enters, 4. Synaptic vesicles fuse and empty contents, 5. Coexistence

When talking about binding to receptors, what does Ionotropic do?

• A) Ions are blocked from entering the cell, causing no change in the membrane potential, and it is slow

• B) Ions are going to rush in to change the cell to either EPSPs or IPSPs, and it's fast

• C) Ions are pumped out of the cell, causing hyperpolarization, and it is slow

• D) Ions are stored in vesicles, causing no change in the membrane potential, and it is fast

• B) Ions are going to rush in to change the cell to either EPSPs or IPSPs, and it's fast

When talking about binding to receptors, what does Metabotropic do?

• A) Ions rush in to change the cell to EPSPs or IPSPs, and it's fast

• B) It blocks ion channels, causing no change in membrane potential

• C) Activate second messengers; slower but longer lasting

• D) It reuptakes neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic neuron

• C) Activate second messengers; slower but longer lasting

When talking about binding to receptors, what does Autorespeters do?

• A) They are going to be on the pre-synaptic cells and they self-regulate feedback

• B) They are located on the post-synaptic cell and enhance signal transmission

• C) They block neurotransmitters from binding to the post-synaptic cell

• D) They transport neurotransmitters back into the synaptic cleft

• A) They are going to be on the pre-synaptic cells and they self-regulate feedback

Gab Junctions are what?

• A) Wide spaces between cells filled with cerebrospinal fluid

• B) Proteins that transport neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft

• C) Narrow spaces between the cells where a bridge directly connects

• D) Receptors located on the post-synaptic membrane

• C) Narrow spaces between the cells where a bridge directly connects

Electrical synapses are what?

• A) Neurotransmitters diffusing across a synaptic cleft

• B) Vesicles fusing with the presynaptic membrane

• C) Receptors binding to chemical messengers

• D) Charged molecules moving through

• D) Charged molecules moving through

Local inhibitory circuits are what?

• A) Long-range networks of excitatory neurons that release glutamate across brain regions

• B) Short-range networks of inhibitory interneurons (often releasing GABA) that regulate nearby excitatory neurons

• C) Networks of sensory neurons that transmit information to the spinal cord

• D) Circuits of motor neurons that control voluntary muscle movement

• B) Short-range networks of inhibitory interneurons (often releasing GABA) that regulate nearby excitatory neurons

Glial and neuronal gab junctions are what?

• A) Specialized channels that directly connect adjacent cells, allowing rapid sharing of ions and small molecules

• B) Receptors on the post-synaptic membrane that bind neurotransmitters

• C) Vesicles that store neurotransmitters in the presynaptic terminal

• D) Proteins that transport neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic cell

• A) Specialized channels that directly connect adjacent cells, allowing rapid sharing of ions and small molecules

Amino Acids:

• A) Slow acting and diffuse; only inhibitory

• B) Slow acting and diffuse; only excitatory

• C) Fast acting/point to point; GABA = Inhibitory and Glutamate = Excitatory

• D) Fast acting and diffuse; GABA = Excitatory and Glutamate = Inhibitory

• C) Fast acting/point to point; GABA = Inhibitory and Glutamate = Excitatory

Monoamines:

• A) Fast, point-to-point effects, arise from the cortex

• B) Fast, point-to-point effects, arise from the spinal cord

• C) Slow, lingering, and diffuse effects, arise from the cerebellum

• D) Slow, lingering, and diffuse effects, arise from the brainstem

• D) Slow, lingering, and diffuse effects, arise from the brainstem

What is Acetylcholine and where can it be found?

• A) Important for movement/muscle contraction in the autonomic nervous system, ventral nervous system, and it is deactivated by enzymes in the synapse

• B) Important for mood regulation in the brainstem, and it is reuptaken by transporters

• C) Important for reward and pleasure in the limbic system, and it is broken down by MAO

• D) Important for sleep regulation in the hypothalamus, and it is stored in vesicles

• A) Important for movement/muscle contraction in the autonomic nervous system, ventral nervous system, and it is deactivated by enzymes in the synapse

What is Unconventional neurotransmitters and where can they be found?

• A) They are large proteins stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis

• B) They are amino acids synthesized in the nucleus and transported down axons

• C) They are monoamines produced in the brainstem and stored in synaptic vesicles

• D) They are soluble gases that are short acting and can be produced in neural cytoplasm

• D) They are soluble gases that are short acting and can be produced in neural cytoplasm

What is Neuropeptides?

• A) They are long chains of carbohydrates

• B) They are soluble gases produced in neural cytoplasm

• C) They are short chains of amino acids

• D) They are single ions that flow through channels

• C) They are short chains of amino acids

Agonistic affects are what?

• A) Decreasing the effects of a neurotransmitter

• B) Increasing the effects of a neurotransmitter

• C) Blocking the effects of a neurotransmitter

• D) Reversing the effects of a neurotransmitter

• B) Increasing the effects of a neurotransmitter

Antagonist affects are what?

• A) Decreasing the effects

• B) Increasing the effects

• C) Enhancing the release of a neurotransmitter

• D) Mimicking the effects of a neurotransmitter

• A) Decreasing the effects

Pupil is…

• A) The colored part of the eye

• B) The outer protective layer of the eye

• C) The part of the eye that focuses light

• D) Where light enters through your eye

• D) Where light enters through your eye

When talking about sensitivity what does it refer to?

• A) The ability to see fine details in bright light

• B) The ability to distinguish between different colors

• C) Can you see in a dark room

• D) The ability to focus on objects at different distances

• C) Can you see in a dark room

When talking about Acuity, what does it refer to?

• A) Seeing details

• B) Seeing in a dark room

• C) Detecting motion in the periphery

• D) Perceiving colors vividly

• A) Seeing details

Lens is…

• A) The colored part of the eye

• B) The outer protective layer of the eye

• C) Inside the eye

• D) The opening where light enters

• C) Inside the eye

What is the protected lens called?

• A) The retina

• B) The pupil

• C) The iris

• D) The cornea

• D) The cornea

True or False? Focus is called accommodation

True

When you focus on something close, lens is what?

• A) Cylindrical

• B) Flattened

• C) Relaxed

• D) Thin

• A) Cylindrical

When focused on something far away, lens is what?

• A) Flattened

• B) Cylindrical

• C) Rounded

• D) Thickened

• A) Flattened

True or False? Eyes see things from slightly different perspectives

True

What is Binocular disparity?

• A) It helps create color perception and is greater for farther things

• B) It helps create depth perception and is greater for closer things

• C) It helps create motion perception and is greater for faster things

• D) It helps create shape perception and is greater for larger things

• B) It helps create depth perception and is greater for closer things

When talking about eye placement Predators eyes are where?

• A) On the sides of the head

• B) On top of the head

• C) Eyes are in the front

• D) On the back of the head

• C) Eyes are in the front

When talking about eye placement Preys eyes are where?

• A) Eyes are on the side, can see both ways

• B) Eyes are in the front, for depth perception

• C) Eyes are on top of the head, for overhead vision

• D) Eyes are close together, for focused vision

• A) Eyes are on the side, can see both ways

What is the Fovea?

• A) The area where the optic nerve exits the eye

• B) The layer that gives the eye its color

• C) The structure that produces tears

• D) The solution to see with more acuity

• D) The solution to see with more acuity

Where is the Fovea located?

• A) In the periphery of the retina

• B) In the center of the macula which is in the middle of the retina at the back of the eye

• C) Near the optic nerve at the back of the eye

• D) In the front of the eye near the lens

• B) In the center of the macula which is in the middle of the retina at the back of the eye

True or False Fovea has high-acuity vison

True

Optic disk:

• A) The area with the highest concentration of cones

• B) The region that contains the fovea

• C) The part of the retina that detects color

• D) No receptors because they are all leaving, but this creates a blind spot

• D) No receptors because they are all leaving, but this creates a blind spot

Rods and Cones are…

• A) The muscles that control eye movement

• B) The receptors

• C) The layers that protect the eye

• D) The structures that produce tears

• B) The receptors

What is the Duplexity theory?

• A) That rods and cones mediate differently

• B) That rods and cones work identically

• C) That only cones are responsible for vision

• D) That only rods are responsible for vision

• A) That rods and cones mediate differently

What are the characteristics of Photopic?

• A) Dark vision, low acuity, high sensitivity with many receptors, high coverage, high convergence, periphery, and rods

• B) Light vision, low acuity, high sensitivity with many receptors, high coverage, high convergence, periphery, and rods

• C) Dark vision, high acuity, low sensitivity with few receptors, low coverage, low convergence, fovea, and cones

• D) Light vision, high acuity, low sensitivity with few receptors, low coverage, low convergence, fovea, and cones

• D) Light vision, high acuity, low sensitivity with few receptors, low coverage, low convergence, fovea, and cones

What are the characteristics of Scotopic?

• A) Dark/dim vision, low acuity, rods see just enough to not hurt yourself, high sensitivity, and high coverage

• B) Light vision, high acuity, cones see fine details, low sensitivity, and low coverage

• C) Dark/dim vision, high acuity, cones see just enough to not hurt yourself, low sensitivity, and low coverage

• D) Light vision, low acuity, rods see fine details, high sensitivity, and high coverage

• A) Dark/dim vision, low acuity, rods see just enough to not hurt yourself, high sensitivity, and high coverage

Where does an axodendritic synapse terminate?
A. On the soma (cell body)
B. On the dendrites
C. On the axon
D. On the myelin sheath

B. On the dendrites

What is coexistence of neurotransmitters?
A. The release of a neurotransmitter and a neuropeptide from the same terminal
B. The activation of second messengers in the post-synaptic cell
C. The reuptake of neurotransmitters by transport proteins
D. The movement of charged molecules through gap junctions

A. The release of a neurotransmitter and a neuropeptide from the same terminal

What is exocytosis?
A. The synthesis of small-molecule neurotransmitters in the cytoplasm
B. The fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane to empty their contents
C. The enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitters in the synapse
D. The binding of a neurotransmitter to an autoreceptor

B. The fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane to empty their contents

What do autoreceptors respond to?
A. They respond to ions rushing into the post-synaptic cell
B. They respond to the neurotransmitter released by the pre-synaptic cell (self-regulation feedback)
C. They respond to hormones carried down microtubules
D. They respond to electrical signals moving through gap junctions

B. They respond to the neurotransmitter released by the pre-synaptic cell (self-regulation feedback)

What is a gap junction?
A. A narrow space between cells where a bridge directly connects them (electrical synapse)
B. A fast-acting amino acid that inhibits the central nervous system
C. A receptor that decreases the effects of a neurotransmitter
D. A vesicle that stores large-molecule neurotransmitters

A. A narrow space between cells where a bridge directly connects them (electrical synapse)

What illusion did we discuss related to migraine attacks?
A) The Mach band illusion
B) The Fortification illusion
C) The Moon illusion
D) The Opponent-process illusion

B) The Fortification illusion

Where does light enter the human eye?
A) The lens
B) The retina
C) The pupil
D) The fovea

C) The pupil

Where are primate eyes located on the head?
A) On the sides of the head
B) On the front of the head
C) On the top of the head
D) At the back of the head

B) On the front of the head

What is the small indentation in the eye?
A) The optic disk
B) The macula
C) The fovea
D) The cornea

C) The fovea

What is a blind spot?
A) The area where the lens focuses light
B) The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, containing no receptors
C) The edge of the retina where vision is blurry
D) A temporary loss of vision caused by migraines

B) The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, containing no receptors

Which type of receptor and which system (photopic or scotopic) are involved in color vision?
A) Rods; Scotopic system
B) Cones; Scotopic system
C) Rods; Photopic system
D) Cones; Photopic system

D) Cones; Photopic system

Where are cone receptors concentrated?
A) In the periphery of the retina
B) In the optic disk
C) In the fovea
D) Evenly distributed across the entire retina

C) In the fovea

How is the retina-geniculate-striate system organized?
A) It is organized randomly without a specific map
B) It is organized topographically (Retinotopic organization)
C) It is organized by color wavelength only
D) It is organized by the size of the receptive fields

B) It is organized topographically (Retinotopic organization)

What are Mach bands?
A) Illusions where light areas near a border appear dark, emphasizing edges
B) The bands of color seen during a migraine
C) The layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus
D) The specific areas of the visual cortex that process motion

A) Illusions where light areas near a border appear dark, emphasizing edges

When does "on" or "off" firing take place?
A) When a stimulus enters or leaves the receptive field
B) Only when a stimulus is moving
C) Only when the eye is blinking
D) When the retina is completely dark

A) When a stimulus enters or leaves the receptive field

How are primary visual cortex neurons grouped?
A) Randomly scattered across the cortex
B) In vertical columns where each neuron responds to stimuli from the same part of the retina
C) In horizontal layers based on color preference
D) In clusters based on the size of the object being viewed

B) In vertical columns where each neuron responds to stimuli from the same part of the retina

What does color constancy illustrate?
A) That we perceive the same color despite changes in the wavelengths of light hitting the object
B) That colors change dramatically depending on the time of day
C) That the retina processes color before the brain does
D) That color vision is purely a function of the scotopic system

A) That we perceive the same color despite changes in the wavelengths of light hitting the object

Why are many patients with scotomas unaware of them?
A) Because scotomas only occur in the peripheral vision
B) Because the brain "fills in" the missing information (Completion)
C) Because scotomas only happen during sleep
D) Because the lens compensates for the missing area

B) Because the brain "fills in" the missing information (Completion)

Damage to what brain area is associated with akinetopsia?
A) The fusiform face area
B) The primary visual cortex
C) The medial temporal area (MT)
D) The lateral geniculate nucleus

C) The medial temporal area (MT)

Damage to the primary visual cortex results in:
A) Akinetopsia
B) Prosopagnosia
C) Scotomas (areas of blindness in corresponding areas of the visual field)
D) Color constancy failure

C) Scotomas (areas of blindness in corresponding areas of the visual field)

What does the association cortex receive input from?
A. Directly from the sensory receptors in the periphery
B. The primary sensory cortex only
C. Multiple sensory systems interacting (e.g., primary and secondary cortices)
D. The medial geniculate nucleus exclusively

C. Multiple sensory systems interacting (e.g., primary and secondary cortices)

What are the three components of the modern sensory systems theory?
A. Sensation, Perception, and Attention
B. Hierarchical organization, Functional segregation, and Parallel processing
C. Primary, Secondary, and Association cortex
D. Amplitude, Frequency, and Complexity

B. Hierarchical organization, Functional segregation, and Parallel processing

What is the pathway of structures that soundwaves travel down?
A. Oval window → Tympanic membrane → Ossicles → Organ of Corti
B. Tympanic membrane → Ossicles → Oval window → Organ of Corti
C. Ossicles → Tympanic membrane → Organ of Corti → Oval window
D. Tympanic membrane → Oval window → Ossicles → Tectorial membrane

B. Tympanic membrane → Ossicles → Oval window → Organ of Corti

How is the auditory system organized?
A. Diffusely, with no specific spatial mapping
B. Somatotopically
C. Tonotopically (higher frequencies closer to the oval window)
D. Randomly, depending on the sound complexity

C. Tonotopically (higher frequencies closer to the oval window)

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
A. In the lateral fissure
B. In the medial geniculate nucleus
C. In the inferior colliculus
D. In the postcentral gyrus

A. In the lateral fissure

What does the exteroceptive somatosensory system detect?
A. Internal body temperature and organ status
B. External stimuli such as touch, pressure, and pain
C. Only vibration and texture
D. Only proprioception (body position)

B. External stimuli such as touch, pressure, and pain

What do free nerve endings mediate the perception of?
A. Fine touch and pressure
B. Vibration
C. Pain and temperature
D. Muscle stretch

C. Pain and temperature

What information does the dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system respond to?
A. Pain and temperature
B. Crude touch and pressure
C. Fine touch and proprioception (vibration and body sense)
D. Sound localization

C. Fine touch and proprioception (vibration and body sense)

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?
A. In the lateral fissure
B. In the precentral gyrus
C. In the postcentral gyrus
D. In the occipital lobe

C. In the postcentral gyrus