Kines 341 Exam 2

What was the first intercollegiate competition in the US?

852, harvard-yale regatta (rowing race)

 “From the first contest, intercollegiate sport has been a _____ enterprise, and _____ followed closely on its heels.

Commercial, professionalism

A series of meetings in 1905-1906 led to the creation of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. What was the purpose of those meetings?

White-house summit; condemns brutality and pledges to clean up the game

Were the ancient Greek Olympians amateurs or professionals?

professionals – paid

Where did today’s concept of amateurism develop?

starts in England; latin work amator (a lover)

Who were people trying to keep out w/ amateurism?

working class, laborers, mechanics

 In 1939, the underclassmen on the University of Pittsburgh’s football team went on strike. Why?

Upperclassmen being paid more than them 

Which school was likely the first institution in America to provide athletic scholarships through governing board action?

Penn State

By 1920s granting scholarships to athletes while __________, conferences and the NCAA ___________

commonly condemned by institutions; was an accepted practice in NCAA

What was the NCAA’s “Sanity Code”?

1. Full tuition and fees, but no room and board

2. Athletes held to same standards as other students

3. Athletes must show financial need

How long did Sanity Code last?

3 years

According to historian Ronald Smith, “No sooner was the Sanity Code passed than it was _____ or _____.”

Ignored; violated

What did Walter Byers do to transform the NCAA into a powerful organization in college sports?

Convince teams to unite behind NCAA and cancel games against Kentucky, helped establish NCAA power

In the clip from Schooled, sport historian Keith Dunnavant argues that “_____ literally built the NCAA.”

TV

Why did the NCAA invent the term “student-athlete”?

in order to say these athletes are not employees and to silence their voices

Why is the term, according to historian Taylor Branch, “deliberately ambiguous”?

Neither full students nor employees; A double-edged standard for academics and pay

Why did the University of North Carolina’s student newspaper stop using the term “student-athlete”?

they believed the phrase was inaccurate and misleading

"To accept the term 'student athlete' is to accept the NCAA and the nation's college athletic departments' agenda that these athletes are not ______________ and to _____________________ of these athletes.”

employess: deny the labor and economic exploitation

What was the AIAW?

association of intercollegiate athletics for women

When was AIAW formed?

1971

What did AIAW do?

promoted the educational model of intercollegiate athletics

How was AIAW different from the NCAA?

Minimize travel, restricted off campus recruiting, limited exploitation

Why AIAW folded

NCAA starts offering championships and to pay for their travel; start supporting women’s sports more

Why did Penn State become the 11th member of the Big 10 Conference in 1990?

Money; benefit financially

What was the 2014 O'Bannon v. NCAA and EA Sports case about?

1. Class action lawsuit against NCAA (football and basketball)

2. NCAA sold athletes’ likeliness to EA sports

What's the connection to Name Image Likeness (NIL)?

College athletes can’t make money off their names, images or likelines

What about the Alston decision?

1. NCAA's rules limiting education-related benefits for student-athletes violated federal antitrust law

2. Supreme court strikes down NCAA rules restricting benefits to student-athletes

How much revenue are Power 4 schools allowed to share directly with athletes in 2026?

$21.6 million

Despite the revenue-sharing cap, many Power 4 programs are estimated to spend ___.

Well of the cap; some even $30-$50 million

What are "collectives" and how did they get around the initial NIL rules against directly paying college athletes?

1. Pooled donors’ money and used it to pay athletes to license their NIL rights

   1. They used carefully worded contracts that avoid specifying the athlete had to play for their school

Approximately what percentage of most schools' revenue-sharing pool is allocated to football players?

75% about 16 million

What organization was created to review NIL deals and enforce the new revenue-sharing rules?

College Sports Commission

According to the article, top transfer quarterbacks in the 2026 offseason earned approximately ____.

$3-$4 million

What are some "above-board" strategies schools use to generate NIL money for athletes?

1. reworked deals requesting companies redirect some money to NIL deals

2. Multimedia partners revenue redirected 

3. University owned store make paid appearances

What are some "devious tactics" schools use?

1. Booster deals 

2. Third party deals for recruits that prepay (for HS NIL athletes)

3. Agent hired as independent contractor and paid them commission directly

What is the primary purpose of the Protect College Sports Act?

1. Freezing much of the tumult of the last several years

1. Under the bill, athlete agents would be limited to charging what maximum fee on NIL deals?

1. 5%

1. How long would Division I schools be required to guarantee scholarships after an athlete's final season?

1. 10 years

1. The bill requires schools to cover sports-related medical expenses for how long after an athlete's eligibility ends?

1. 5 years

1. What does the Protect College Sports Act say about women's and Olympic sports?

1. Requires Division I schools to preserve roster spots and scholarship numbers for women's and Olympic sports

What are the current transfer rules for athletes in NCAA sports?

1. No unlimited transfers for everyone anymore

1. What would the Protect College Sports Act put in place for transfer rules?

1. One free transfer without having to sit out a year, graduates free to transfer w/o limit

1. What does the Protect College Sports Act say about professional athletes returning to school?

1. completely prevents any professional athlete from returning to college athletics

1. What would be the "Lane Kiffin Rule"?

1. Prevent any football bowl subdivision coach from participating in head-coaching duties at a new school before end of season

1. Why do some critics oppose the legislation?

its compliance frameworks (specifically the "proportionality" rule)

“developmental model of youth sport”

Education driven; focus on process

“professional model”

Profit driven; focus on product

1. In the 1930s and 1940s, educators began to worry about competitive sport for children. Why?

1. Emphasis on winning was too great

2. Physical and mental strain was unhealthy 

1. What was the "Tubby Rule"?

1. Katherine Johnston 

   1. Little league 1951: girls are not eligible under any conditions 

1. What are "competitive childhood activities"?

1. Organized activities run by adults where records are kept, and prizes are given out

   1. Athletic, artistic, academic

1. When did "competitive childhood activities" develop?

late 20th and early 21st centuries.

1. “For decades, dreams of [3 things] have driven parents’ decisions” to drive the multi-million-dollar youth-sports industry.” Name the 3 things

1. Preferential, college admission

2. College scholarships

3. Potential riches 

1. Preferential, college admission

1. Way to distinguish self in process (do activities to look good on college app)

2. Extracurriculars improve applications

1. College scholarships

1. Possibility of getting money for school

1. Potential riches 

1. Possibility of making money in pro

What was “Operation Varsity Blues”?

the FBI's code name for a massive 2019 federal investigation into a criminal conspiracy that cheated the undergraduate college admissions process at several top American universities

1. What does Operation Varsity Blues have to do with sport and preferential college admission?

1. Parents told kids to act dumber 

2. Faking athletic credentials

3. Bribing for cheating on exams

One study found that at Harvard University, “A typical applicant with only a 1% chance of admission would see his admission likelihood increase to ___ if he were a recruited athlete

98%

 Being a recruited athlete essentially guarantees admission even for the least qualified applicants.” " What does that mean in your own words?

1. Playing sports makes you more valuable 

1. What percent of high school athletes will receive a “full-ride” scholarship (where everything is paid for)?

1%

How long is the average professional career in a team sport?

5 years

How long is the average professional career in a individual sport?

3-12 years

1. Kids’ enjoyment and motivation for sport goes _____ as parental spending goes ____.

down; up

What is the “10,000-hour rule

1. 10,000 hours of quality practice needed to reach the highest level of skill

2. 40 hours/week for 5 years or 20 hours/week for 10 years

1. What’s the #1 reason kids drop out of sport by age 13?

burnout

• Early specialization

• By ages 5-7

  • burnout due to stress, decreased motivation, lack of enjoyment

Specialization

Single sport, systematic, year-round training and competition

Diversification

• Engage in broad range of sports and activities 

Attrition

• gradual reduction in number, size, or strength of something

• Dropping out of sport

• Little league parent syndrome 

• Verbal and physical abuse against coaches, officials, parents and children  

1. Researchers say that over the last decade, there has been a____ drop in the number of American children who play competitive sports. 

1. 8%

1. At least _____ million school-aged children in America now live in homes classified by the federal government as low-income.

1. 25

1. How does low income affect sport participation? 

1. kids being priced out of sports; kids that used to be able to go for free and run around are no longer able to participate

1. According to the Centers for Disease Control, less than ___ of schools in the US require daily physical education. 

1. 4%

Today we're at close to____ of our children are obese, or overweight.

40%

1. What % of kids drop out of organized sport by age 13? What’s the #1 reason?

1. 70%; stops being fun

Who hosted the 1936 Olympic Games?

Berlin, Germany

1. Norway has a population of 5 million–about the same size as the U.S. state of Minnesota. How has it become so successful in international sports?

1. Protect younger athletes from being professionalized too early

2. Let kids be kids; don’t keep score or rank ages 6-12

   1. All inclusive and low pressure environment

1. What are the major differences between “the Norwegian way” and how we do things in the U.S.?

1. Norway does the opposite of the US

2. Don’t focus on training young kids to be best, push them and focus on fun and nurturing every kid

How many countries have a “Bill of Rights for Young Athletes,” like Norway?

none; they are the only one

In the Bill of Rights, what does it say about cost? Inclusion?

1. Kept inexpensive and reasonably priced

2. Everyone is included

The purpose of youth sport is not about competition but about _______ and _______.

friendship; wellbeing.

True or false: For kids aged 6 to 12, Norwegians do not keep score. Do not rank kids?

true

What happens after age 12 in Norway?

1.  more formal competition is allowed

   1. Training, ranking, working hard

1. How does Norway fund the majority of community sport and recreation programs?

1. Sports gambling run by the government (64% of money used to fund)

1. Gregory argues that there are upsides to the frenzy around youth sport. What are they?

1. Some kids thrive off intense competition and the best players receive unprecedented level of coaching and training

2. Travel circuit can bring people of different background together

What does research show can happen as a result of intense early specialization in sport?

1. Increases the risk of injury, burnout and depression 

Who gets left out with the cost of youth sport?

1. Costs price out lower-income families

1. What about kids whose talent might develop later?

1. Discouraged from ever participating in organized sports 

1. "There may be no single factor driving the professionalization of youth sports more than the dream of ______. "

1. free college

1. Only _____ of high school athletes go on to play at the top level of college sports, the NCAA’s Division I. 

1. 2%

1. A 2016 study published in the journal Family Relations found that the more money families pour into youth sports, the more ______. 

1. pressure

A growing number of sports leagues are being run as ___________ to meet demand from parents who urge their children to play at earlier ages to try to improve their chances of playing college or pro sports.

profit-driven businesses

1. According to this article, what are the negative aspects of profit-driven businesses?

1. Burnout at early age, injuries, overuse, mental fatigue, additional stress, childhood traumas 

1. While more than ____ million adolescents play sports, up to _____% drop out by age 13.

60; 70%

Who was the first woman to run the Boston Marathon?

Bobby Gibb

What happened when Kathrine Switzer ran the Boston Marathon in 1967?

• press truck began taking photos; was tackled by an official and attempted to rip her number off, she finished the race but then disqualified and suspended from the AAU

When did the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) finally allow women to run the marathon?

1972

What was the "Tennis Battle of the Sexes"? Who played? Why? Who won?

• King (female)  vs Riggs (male) tennis match 

  1. Players:  Billie Jean King v Bobby Riggs

  2. Why: Riggs beat Margaret, King wanted to prove a point about women in sports (give more rights)

  3. Winner: Billy Jean King

• It wasn't about tennis, it was about ______

• social change