AP Pysch random questions

Which lobes hold the ability to recognize faces and is also involved in auditory processing?

Temporal

Which lobes are responsible for being able to see written words as visual stimulation

Occipital

Which brain structure makes sure all incoming sensory information EXCEPT smell is sent to the correct area of the cortex for processing?

Thalamus

Which structure in the brain controls the endocrine system based on input from the hypothalamus?

Pituitary gland

What is the name for the bundle of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the brain that aids in communication?

Corpus Callosum

Which structure is most responsible for balance and coordinating fine motor movement as well as procedural memories?

Cerebellum

Which structure is responsible for the five F’s of feeding, fighting, fleeing, flirting, and Fahrenheit (maintaining internal temperature)?  What system is this a part of in the brain?

Hypothalamus

Limbic System

Which association area is responsible for speech comprehension?  Where is this located for most individuals?

Wernicke’s area

Left Temporal Lobe

Which area (not lobe) controls higher-order thinking and cognitive processing? 

Prefrontal

Which structure controls the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus

Which area of the cortex controls voluntary movements?  In what lobe of the brain is it located?

Motor Cortex

Frontal Lobe

which area of the brain controls sleep and dreaming? In what area of the brain is this structure found?

Pons

Hindbrain (Brainstem)

Which area controls emotions such as fear, aggression, and rage?  Where is this located?

Amygdala

Forebrain/Limbic System

Which structure filters and relays sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex?  Which sense does not go through this area?  What region of the brain is this located in?

Thalamus

Smell

Forebrain

Which area of the brain is responsible for fine motor skills and balance?  Where is this located?

Cerebellum

Hindbrain

Which area receives sensory input for touch, pain, temperature and body position?  Which lobes of the cortex contain this region?

Somatosensory Cortex

Parietal Lobe

Area responsible for Impulse control

Fontal lobe

Which area of the brain is involved when you lean over and touch someone on their shoulder?  Which are of the brain is involved when that person feels the pressure of your touch?

Motor Cortex

Somatosensory Cortex

What is the term for the places on the cerebral cortex that is not dedicated to either sensory or motor functions?

Association areas

The area responsible for speech production.  Which lobe contains this brain region?

Broca’s Area

Frontal lobes (usually left)

Which area of the brain is responsible for automatic survival reflexes such as coughing, sneezing, and vomiting?

Medulla

Which area of the brain is related to arousal to stimuli? If this area is damaged, it can result in coma or death.  

RAS/Reticular Formation

Responsible for maintenance functions including drives for eating, drinking, sex and internal body temperature.          

Hypothalamus

Which lobes are responsible for muscle movement? 

frontal

Oldest and innermost part of the brain. 

Hindbrain or Brainstem

Area responsible for reasoning, planning, and judgment?  

Prefrontal Cortex

1. Which area that holds information regarding procedural memory or “how to” memories? 

   1. Cerebellum

Cerebellum

This area holds information about reflexes such as sneezing, coughing and swallowing. 

Medulla

This area plays a role in the reward centers of the brain.

Nucleus Accumbens

Located in the midbrain AND forebrain, this area is responsible for smooth voluntary body movements and posture.             

Basal Ganglia

This association area in parietal lobes is related to language – specifically translating visual info (e.g. words on a page) from occipital lobe into code that is sent to Wernicke’s area where it is understood as language.

Angular Gyrus

This inner layer of the brain is made up of the axons of neurons and glial cells and is called white matter it does not include the brainstem or cerebellum.

Cerebrum

This outer layer of the brain is made up of the cell bodies of neurons called gray matter. 

Cerebral Cortex

This area is responsible for creating new memories and is related to learning.  Where is this found?

Hippocampus

Limbic System/ Forebrain

Damage to one of these areas may result in aphasia (a problem with understanding or articulating speech).

Wernicke’s area or Broca’s area

Processes information from visual receptors.

Occipital Lobes/ Primary Visual Cortex

Responsible for secreting the hormone for growth in the body and hormones that influence many other glands.               

Pituitary gland

Which part of the brain is involved in triggering the involuntary (sympathetic nervous system) aspects of fight or flight?                  

Hypothalamus

Which structures make up the limbic system?

Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Hypothalamus (HAH)

Which structures make up the hindbrain?

Pons, Medulla, and Cerebellum

What is the name for the ability of the brain to change to repair itself to change in response to learning

plasticity

This area is sometimes cut in patients with severe epilepsy to prevent epilepsy from damaging both hemispheres of the brain.         

Corpus Callosum

This area is activated when listening or humming a tune.

Primary Auditory Cortex in Temporal Lobes

This area is responsible for filtering incoming information and sending along relevant information to the thalamus

RAS/ Reticular formation

Which neurotransmitters are most closely associated with mood

Serotonin and Norepinephrine

An excess of this neurotransmitter is most closely associated with schizophrenia

Dopamine

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with pain relief

Endorphins

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with memory and involuntary movement

Acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with voluntary motor movement and pleasure?

Dopamine

Which neurotransmitter is considered to be the major INHIBITORY neurotransmitter in the nervous system?

GABA

Which neurotransmitter is considered to be the major EXCITATORY neurotransmitter in the nervous system?

Glutamate

Which neurotransmitter in low levels is connected to the movement issues of Parkinson’s disease?

Dopamine

Which neurotransmitters are most closely associated with the memory losses of Alzheimer’s disease when these cells die?

Acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released to indicate pain

Substance P

Drugs of abuse are related to the excess release of which pleasure producing neurotransmitter

Dopamine

Drugs that increase neural transmission are called ____________ and drugs that reduce neural transmission are called ______________.

Agonist

Antagonist

Low levels of the neurotransmitter _____________ are linked to anxiety

GABA

Which neurotransmitter in HIGH levels is associated with the mania phase of bipolar disorder?

Norepinephrine

Heroin users receive a rush of pleasure causing ____________, but the drug also works as an agonist for the natural pain-relieving neurotransmitter ____________.      

Dopamine

Endorphins

Which neurotransmitter associated with mood is also a hormone

Norepinephrine

What are the bushy branchlike extensions of a neuron that RECEIVE messages and take them to the cell body?

Dendrites

What is the fatty substance that surrounds the axon and speeds neural impulses (electrical signal traveling down axon)?

Myelin Sheath

What part of the neuron contains neurotransmitters that are stored in synaptic vesicles that can be released into the synapse?

Terminal Buttons/Terminal Buds/Axon Terminals

These cells comprise about 50% of the brain’s total volume. They provide nourishment, protection, and insulation for neurons.

Glial Cells

These neurons are part of the peripheral nervous system. They transfer information from the sense organs to the central nervous system for interpretation. Please provide both names for these neurons in your answer.

Sensory or Afferent Neurons

These neurons are part of the peripheral nervous system. They move information from the central nervous system to the muscles, organs, and glands of the body. Please provide both names for these neurons in your answer.

Motor or Efferent Neurons

These neurons are located in the brain and spinal cord. They form connections between afferent and efferent neurons.

Interneurons

What part of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?

CNS

What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

What disease results when myelin is damaged?

Multiple Sclerosis

What are the three large types of neurons

Motor/Efferent Nerve Fibers

Sensory/Afferent Nerve Fibers

Interneurons

What is the overall charge of the interior of the resting neuron

70mv

During the action potential, the selective permeability of the membrane allows the charge to change inside the axon. What happens to the Sodium and Potassium ions during this time?

Sodium goes in, and Potassium goes out

What do we call the minimum amount of excitatory neurotransmitters received by the dendrites of a postsynaptic neuron that is required for the cell to fire? 

Threshold

What is the name for the resting pause that occurs after an action potential where the excess positively charged sodium is pumped out of the axon?  During this time, the neuron cannot fire.

Refractory Period

This brain imaging technique measures the electrical activity of neurons below electrodes that are placed on the scalp. Does this technique show structure, function, or both?

EEG (Electroencephalograph)

Function only

This brain imaging technique involves taking several X-rays from many angles and combining them using a computer to create a detailed image of the brain. Does this technique show structure, function, or both

CT Scan (Computerized Tomography Scan)

Structure only

This brain imaging technique begins with the injection of a small harmless amount of radioactive material such as glucose (sugar) into the bloodstream. This scan produces color-coded images that indicate areas of brain activity during cognitive or motor tasks. Does this technique show structure, function, or both?

PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography Scan)

Function Only

This brain imaging technique uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computer-based enhancement to create detailed three-dimensional high-resolution pictures of the brain. Does this technique show structure, function, or both?

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Structure

This brain imaging technique uses magnetic fields and measures blood flow that carries oxygen to active brain tissues. Does this technique show structure, function, or both?

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Both Structure and Function

This technique of studying the brain allows researchers to temporarily either stimulate or block activity in a particular region of the brain by placing a magnetic coil positioned on a paddle over a particular region on a participant’s head. Does this technique show structure, function, or both?

TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)

Function