HL Extensions in Learning and Cognition

Vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms, definitions, and concepts related to the influence of culture, technology, and motivation on learning and cognition.

Culture

Shared beliefs, values, and traditions passed down from generation to generation within a specific group of people.

Globalisation

Increased contact between cultures through travel, the internet, and media, which can alter thinking and learning via how individuals acculturate.

Assimilate (Berry)

A form of acculturation in which an individual adopts the new culture and abandons their heritage culture.

Integrate (Berry)

A form of acculturation in which an individual adopts the new culture while maintaining their heritage culture.

Isolate (Berry)

A form of acculturation in which an individual rejects the new culture and maintains their heritage culture.

Marginalisation (Berry)

A form of acculturation in which an individual rejects the new culture and abandons their heritage culture.

Third Culture Kids (TCKs)

Individuals who grow up in a culture different from that of their parents, often acquiring multiple cultural identities or combining them into a single multi-cultural identity.

Transactive memory

The practice of using other people or tools (such as the internet) to store information instead of remembering it yourself, which includes encoding where information can be found rather than the information itself.

Cognitive offloading

Depending on the internet or external tools to store information so that we do not have to, potentially freeing time and effort for creativity or creative problem solving.

Dendritic branching

A neuroplastic response to increased environmental demand where more dendrites are added to neurons or existing dendrites grow longer in relevant neural networks.

Neurogenesis

A neuroplastic response to increased environmental demand where more neurons are added to relevant neural networks.

Neural pruning

A neuroplastic response to decreased environmental demand in which microglial cells remove neurons and/or dendrites from relevant neural networks.

Sparrow et al.

Researchers who demonstrated that people focus on remembering where they can access information rather than the information itself if they believe it will be stored on a digital device.

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation that increases effort and improves performance based on outcomes that are always possible (such as improvement or progress) rather than uncertain outcomes (such as winning or perfection).

Autonomy

A psychological need within Self-Determination Theory defined as feeling that you have choice.

Competence

A psychological need within Self-Determination Theory defined as feeling able and successful.

Relatedness

A psychological need within Self-Determination Theory defined as feeling connected to others.

Self-schema

A set of beliefs an individual holds about what they can and cannot do, how other people view them, and the impact they have on the world around them.

Extrinsic rewards

External incentives (such as status, medals, money, or prizes) that have very little positive effect on long-term motivation because they rarely justify the effort and can reduce relatedness.

Cognitive schema

A mental tool representing how the world works or the way the world is, used to simplify complex information, reconstruct the past, interpret the present, or predict the future.