KRLS 204: Canadian Sport, Recreation, and Parks History

Flashcards covering early Canadian national park history, early cultural and winter carnivals, the Matchless Six and Edmonton Grads, the Indian Act and residential school athletics, the Vancouver Asahi baseball team, and Canadian hockey development from KRLS 204.

What rank does Canada hold globally in establishing a national park?

Canada was the $3^{\text{rd}}$ country in the world to establish a national park, following the United States and Australia.

What was the world's first national park, and in what year was it established?

Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, United States, established in $1872$.

What was the second national park established in the world?

Royal National Park in Australia.

What was Canada's first national park, and what was its original name?

Rocky Mountains Park, established in $1885$ (now named Banff National Park).

When was the Dominion Parks Branch created, and what historic distinction does it hold?

Created in $1911$, it was the world's first national parks service (now Parks Canada).

What is the dual mandate of Parks Canada?

To protect designated areas and manage them for visitors to understand, appreciate, and enjoy without compromising their ecological integrity.

How many national parks and national park reserves exist in Canada, and what total land area do they protect?

There are $37$ national parks and $11$ national park reserves, protecting approximately $343{,}377\,\text{km}^2$ of land.

What is the largest national park in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, and when was it founded?

Jasper National Park, established in $1907$.

What is the largest national park in Canada, and what are its key distinctions?

Wood Buffalo National Park ($1922$); at more than $43{,}000\,\text{km}^2$, it is larger than Switzerland and represents the largest forested national park in the world.

What is Canada's northernmost national park, and what does its Inuktitut name translate to?

Quttinirpaaq National Park ($1986$) on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut; its name translates to "land at the top of the world."

What is the southernmost national park in Canada, and what is its surface area?

Point Pelee National Park, established in $1918$, with an area of $16\,\text{km}^2$.

What is Canada's smallest national park?

Georgian Bay Islands National Park, established in $1929$ with an area of $14\,\text{km}^2$.

Who were the primary patrons of Canada's early national parks in the late Victorian era?

Wealthy urbanites interested in consuming scenery, nature study, and the restorative health believed to be found in Nature.

How has the conceptual relationship between national parks and surrounding civilization shifted from early history to the present day?

Early parks were viewed as "Islands of Civilization in a sea of wilderness," whereas today they are viewed as "Islands of Wilderness in a sea of civilization."

What is the title and duration of the 1984 National Film Board documentary addressing early national park development?

Steam, Schemes, and National Dreams ($1984$, $28\,\text{mins}$).

What rail stop is pictured in 1885 near what became the town of Banff?

"Siding $29$"

What was the initial size of the Banff Springs Reserve created in November 1885?

$$10\,\text{km}^2$$

When and under what legislation was the Banff Springs Reserve expanded and renamed Rocky Mountains Park?

It was expanded in $1887$ under federal legislation.

Who is shown riding one of the first passenger trains across the Rockies at Canmore in 1886?

Prime Minister John A. MacDonald

What early Canadian perspective on nature viewed the mountains as an "Unlimited Storehouse"?

The view that mountains were an inexhaustible source of gold, silver, minerals, and fine timber meant to supply the treeless expanse of the prairie Northwest.

What educational milestone coincided with the shift toward a scientific "limited storehouse" approach to conservation?

The opening of the first professional School of Forestry at the University of Toronto in $1907$.

What principle was championed by Canada's first conservation movement?

Using resources in such a manner as to ensure they could be exploited again in the future ("limited storehouse").

What was the concept of "Nature as Temple" in late 19th-century Canada?

The belief that Nature was God's temple where individuals could communicate with a deity, emerging amid spiritual uneasiness driven by higher criticism, Darwinian evolution, and scientific advancements.

What industrial structure is shown in Rocky Mountains Park circa 1905, and how was it rationalized by boosters in 1904?

The coal tipple at Bankhead; boosters argued it added to the park's attractions by offering tourists a glimpse of thriving industrial life alongside natural beauty.

What bathing location in Banff, shown circa 1900, exemplified the idea of nature as a "Benevolent Mother"?

Cave and Basin Hot Springs

What urban condition did the Women's editor of the Canadian Magazine describe in 1908?

Urban populations saturated with advertisements for tonics and nerve pills, widespread discussion of "Worry: the Disease of the Age," and physicians amassing wealth through rest cures.

What English-Canadian city is pictured during a 1901 celebration illustrating crowded street competition?

Toronto

What was the "Myth of the Frontier" in early Canadian thought?

The conviction that moving West to unsettled lands provided an escape from the artificiality of modern civilization, allowing individuals to rediscover their true selves and foster national renewal.

What historic map illustrates the progressive eviction of Indigenous peoples from park boundaries?

A boundary map of Rocky Mountains Park showing expansions from $1885$ to $1911$ alongside the $1879$ Stoney Reserve.

What rationale was given in 1895 by the Commissioner of the North-West Mounted Police to exclude Indigenous people from Rocky Mountains Park?

"To protect game thoroughly, the Park must be enlarged and the Indians kept out…. These Indians kill everything that they can find."

What did the Superintendent of Rocky Mountains Park cite in 1897 as reasons to exclude Indigenous people?

Their "destruction of game and deprivations among the ornamental trees make their too frequent visits to the Park a matter of great concern."

What statement did Indian Agent Howard Sibbald write at Morley in 1902 regarding Indigenous hunting?

"As long as they can hunt, you cannot civilize them."

What two resource extraction disputes threatened national parks in the 1920s?

A $1920$ claim by the Irrigation Branch for water rights jurisdiction, and a $1923$ application by Calgary Power to build a hydroelectric dam on the Spray Lakes.

What legal principle was established by the 1930 National Parks Act?

The principle of inviolability, ensuring national parks remain "unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations."

What operational practices were ended under the 1930 National Parks Act?

Mining and logging inside national parks were phased out.

How did the 1930 Natural Resources Transfer Act affect Rocky Mountains Park?

Resource control transferred to Alberta and Saskatchewan; the park lost its eastern slopes to Alberta and was officially renamed Banff National Park.

When was the Quebec Winter Carnival founded, and what were its cultural origins?

Founded in $1894$ as a commercial invention by businessmen (hommes d'affaires) using the French-Catholic Carnival tradition, rather than being rooted in local popular culture.

How did commercial tourism market the Quebec Winter Carnival?

As a romantic winter escape and "the next best thing to Europe," selectively packaging imagery appealing to outsiders.

Who was Guy Weadick, and what event did he establish in 1912?

A promoter and founder of the Calgary Stampede, branded as "The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth."

How was simulated authenticity constructed at the Calgary Stampede?

Through cowboy championships, Old West spectacles, and an "Indian Village" framing Indigenous culture as a primitive precursor to modern frontier progress.

Who was John Murray Gibbon?

A Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) promoter who organized folk festivals during shoulder and off-seasons to fill railway hotels.

What festival was instituted at the Chateau Frontenac by John Murray Gibbon?

The Annual Folksong & Handicraft Festival.

What two festivals were hosted at the Banff Springs Hotel to promote tourist traffic?

The Banff Highland Games and Banff Indian Days.

Who was Norman Luxton in relation to Banff tourism?

A local Banff civic booster who partnered with the CPR to run Banff Indian Days, treating Indigeneity as a commercial spectacle.

How did Canadian participation in the First World War influence national identity?

Serving together created distance from Great Britain and fostered a collective consciousness among Canadians of different backgrounds.

What was the primary wartime objective of the YMCA among Canadian troops?

To maintain morale and keep soldiers away from vices such as cheap alcohol through structured physical activity and sports.

Who was Tom Longboat, and what was his wartime service?

An Onondaga distance runner who won the $1907$ Boston Marathon and served on the front lines as a dispatch runner during World War I.

How were conscientious objectors and individuals who resisted enlistment in World War I treated in Canada?

They faced public shaming, accusations of laziness, verbal harassment, and imprisonment.

What was Canada's "conundrum of culture" during the 1920s?

The absence of a distinct popular culture matching Canada's emerging national autonomy, prompting artists and promoters to intentionally "narrate the nation."

What did Group of Seven painter Arthur Lismer observe about Canadian creative life after 1919?

He recalled that creative individuals felt guilty that Canada remained "unwritten, unpainted, unsung," concluding that in $1920$, "there was a job to be done."

What was The Bluenose, and where was it constructed?

A famous racing gaff rig schooner built in $1921$ in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, celebrated for its dominance in international fishing schooner races during the $1920\text{s}$ and $1930\text{s}$.

How did Canadian wheat acreage change between 1896 and 1914?

Land sown in wheat grew from $1.26\,\text{million acres}$ in $1896$ to $10\,\text{million acres}$ in $1914$.

What share of global wheat did Canada supply between 1916 and 1929?

$40\%$ of global wheat, establishing the Canadian West as "the breadbasket of the world."

Who developed Marquis Wheat, and what parent strains were bred to produce it?

Charles Saunders, through crossing Red Fife and Hard Red Calcutta.

What were "navvies" in late 19th and early 20th century Canada?

Unskilled manual labourers who performed heavy construction work on railways and municipal infrastructure.

How did 1920s civic boosterism transform Western Canadian sports?

Business leaders marketed sport as paid commercial entertainment, prioritizing spectatorship and profitability over amateur ideals.

When was the Banff Annual Winter Carnival established, and what bodies funded it?

First held in $1917$, organized by local business boosters with financial backing from the Dominion Parks Branch and the CPR.

How was Indian status conferred under the Indian Act of 1876?

Status was traced and transmitted exclusively through the male lineage.

How did the 1876 Indian Act treat Métis communities regarding status?

Métis peoples were denied Indian status and were instead granted land or cash "scrip."

Name two cultural ceremonies outlawed under assimilationist amendments to the Indian Act.

The Potlatch on the Pacific coast and the Sun Dance/Ghost Dance on the Plains.

What was the significance of the 1885 Sports Day at the Battleford Indian Industrial School?

It was an early institutional event employing organized sports and physical drills to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian cultural habits.

What were the primary objectives of physical education in the Department of Indian Affairs?

To instil obedience and discipline, inculcate Euro-Canadian norms, foster civilized ideas about health, reinforce gender-appropriate roles, and teach ideals of good citizenship.

Who served as the coach of the Edmonton Grads women's basketball team?

J. Percy Page

What was the overall playing record of the Edmonton Grads between 1915 and 1940?

They played over $400$ games and lost only $20$, claiming international and world championships.

What educational institution served as the training base for almost all Edmonton Grads players?

McDougall Commercial High School in Edmonton.

Where were Edmonton Grads home games held?

The Edmonton Stock Pavilion (later known as the Edmonton Arena).

What modern athletic facility honors the Edmonton Grads in its historic naming?

The Saville Community Sports Centre (originally the GO Centre, where "G" stood for Grads).

Who were the players on the inaugural 1915 Edmonton Grads roster?

Ethel Anderson, Geraldine Reid, Etta Osborne, Winnie Martin, Nellie Batson, Lola Mitchell, and Mary Bremner.

Who was Winnie Martin Tait?

The first captain of the Edmonton Grads, born in Petrolia, Ontario ($1899$); she earned BA and Bachelor of Commerce degrees and joined the staff of McDougall Commercial High School in $1923$.

What was unique about Kay MacRitchie MacBeth's path to the Edmonton Grads roster?

She was the only player to jump directly from a junior team to the Edmonton Grads without first playing for the Gradettes.

Who coached the Gradettes, and what role did the squad fulfill?

Coached by Bill Tait; the squad served as a developmental farm team for players awaiting a roster opening on the main Grads team.

Who were the "Boy Grads"?

A practice team of young men aged $16\text{--}20$, also graduates of McDougall High School, used by the Edmonton Grads for scrimmages.

In which Olympic years did the Edmonton Grads compete in exhibition tournaments organized by the FSFI?

$1924$, $1928$, and $1936$.

What moniker did the Canadian press give to Canada's women's track and field team at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics?

The "Matchless Six"

Name the six members of Canada's "Matchless Six."

Bobbie Rosenfeld, Myrtle Cook, Ethel Catherwood, Jean Thompson, Ethel Smith, and Jane Bell.

Who founded the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale (FSFI)?

Alice Milliat

How many women's track and field events were promised by the IOC for the 1928 Olympics versus how many materialized?

The IOC promised $10$ events, but only $5$ materialized.

Who was Pierre de Coubertin, and what was his perspective on women's athletic participation?

The founder of the modern Olympic Games; he was adamantly opposed to women competing in the Olympics.

What was Dr. Arthur Stanley Lamb's role during the 1928 Olympic Games?

A Canadian official who voted against women's Olympic participation and disassociated himself from team protests in the women's $100\,\text{m}$ final.

Who was Bobby Kerr in relation to the Matchless Six?

An Olympic coach who assisted the Matchless Six in Amsterdam, though the women largely trained themselves.

Who won the gold medal in the women's 100-metre sprint at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics?

Betty Robinson of the United States.

What were the athletic accomplishments and later career of Bobbie Rosenfeld?

An all-round athlete born in Russia and raised in Barrie, Ontario; she won silver in the Olympic $100\,\text{m}$, became a sports columnist for The Globe and Mail, and was named Canada's female athlete of the half century.

What post-Olympic career was pursued by Canadian sprinter Myrtle Cook?

She became a sports reporter and columnist with the Montreal Star.

What Olympic event did Ethel Catherwood win in 1928?

She won the gold medal in the high jump.

What physical setback did 16-year-old Jean Thompson encounter at the 1928 Amsterdam Games?

She pulled a tendon in her leg prior to competing in the $800\,\text{m}$ final.

What individual medal did Ethel Smith capture at the 1928 Olympics?

A bronze medal in the $100\,\text{m}$ dash.

What post-athletic career did Olympic relay champion Jane Bell pursue?

She became a physical education director in Ontario.

Who coached Jane Bell, and who coached Jean Thompson?

Walter Knox coached Jane Bell; W.L. Wenling coached Jean Thompson (following her by automobile while she trained).

Who founded the Women's Amateur Athletic Federation (WAAF) of Canada, and when did it merge with the AAUC?

Alexandrine Gibb founded the WAAF; it amalgamated with the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada in $1953$.

Why is the phrase "Golden Age of women's sport" considered problematic by sports historians?

It casts the $1920\text{s}$ in rose-coloured terms, obscuring the persistent systemic discrimination, bodily policing, and financial limitations female athletes faced.

What was the "manly ideal" of sport in the early 20th century?

The ideology that true athleticism developed masculine vigor, requiring women to "act like ladies, but play like men" to preserve notions of feminine respectability.

In what year were women first included in the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE) sports day?

$$1923$$

In what Canadian city was the first national women's track and field championship hosted?

Toronto

What were the Workers' Olympics (or "Red Olympics"), and where were major games held in 1921 and 1931?

International counter-Olympic sports events hosted by the Socialist Workers' Sport International (SWSI), held in Prague ($1921$) and Vienna ($1931$).

What ideological meaning did mass gymnastics carry in the Workers' Sports movement?

They expressed collective working-class strength, synchronization, and solidarity over individualist competition.

When was the Workers' Sports Association of Canada (WSAC) established, and what was its membership size by 1933?

Established in $1928$; it grew to $5{,}000$ members across Canada by $1933$.

What campaign was spearheaded by the Workers' Sports Association of Canada regarding the 1936 Olympics?

Proposals to boycott the $1936$ Berlin Olympic Games in protest against the Nazi regime.

What organization was founded in Winnipeg during the 1930s by Walter and Fred Kaczor?

The Kaczor Brothers' WSA (offering gymnastics, boxing, snowshoeing, skiing, and bodybuilding).

Who was Russ Saunders?

A Canadian-born Hollywood stuntman and acrobat who performed at Muscle Beach, California, famous for partner routines described as "close as one body."

What characterized Ukrainian workers' sport culture in interwar Canada?

It was pro-communist, secular, organized across a national network of halls, and tightly linked to labor militancy.