chap 10 lect flash cards

The __ of muscles include Movement, Stability, Control of Openings and Passages, and Heat Production (Thermogenesis).

Primary Functions

Skeletal muscles at rest contribute about __ of body heat through Heat Production (Thermogenesis).

20% to 30%

__ of muscles include Hormone Secretion (stimulating glucose synthesis and visceral fat breakdown) and Glycemic Control (absorbing, storing, and using glucose).

Additional Functions

A thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber, providing space for capillaries and nerve fibers, and a chemical environment, is called the __.

Endomysium

The __ is a thicker layer of connective tissue wrapping fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers); it carries nerves, blood vessels, and stretch receptors.

Perimysium

A fibrous sheath encasing the entire muscle, blending with fascia and deeper connective tissues, is known as the __.

Epimysium

__ are connective tissue sheets lying between muscles or muscle groups, packaging functional muscle groups into compartments.

Fascia

__ are muscles that are thick in the middle with fascicles converging towards tapered ends (e.g., biceps brachii).

Fusiform Muscles

__ are feather-shaped muscles where fascicles attach obliquely to a tendon; they can be unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate.

Pennate Muscles

__ describes a muscle attachment with minimal separation between the muscle and bone.

Direct (Fleshy) Attachment

When a muscle utilizes tendons (fibrous cords) or aponeuroses connecting it to bone, it is called __.

Indirect Attachment

A broad, flat tendon (e.g., palmar aponeurosis) is known as an __.

Aponeurosis

The traditional terms 'Origin' and 'Insertion' are often inaccurate as roles can reverse or both ends may move. Because of this, anatomists prefer to use orientation terms such as proximal/distal or superior/inferior. This describes a __ of 'Origin' and 'Insertion' terminology.

Shortcoming

__ are muscles completely contained within a specific region (e.g., muscles of the hand).

Intrinsic Muscles

__ are muscles that act on a designated region but originate from a different area (e.g., forearm muscles acting on the hands).

Extrinsic Muscles

The muscle producing the most force in a movement (e.g., brachialis for elbow flexion) is called the __.

Prime Mover (Agonist)

A muscle that assists the prime mover is called a __.

Synergist

A muscle opposing the prime mover (e.g., triceps brachii extends the elbow) is known as an __.

Antagonist

A muscle that stabilizes a bone during movement (e.g., rhomboid muscles stabilize scapula during biceps contraction) is called a __.

Fixator

The __ (CN VII) innervates the muscles of facial expression.

Facial Nerve

The __ is a muscle composed of frontal and occipital bellies connected by the galea aponeurotica; it raises eyebrows and retracts the scalp.

Occipitofrontalis

The __ is a sphincter muscle that encircles the eyes, closing the eyelids.

Orbicularis oculi

The __ compresses the cheek and is involved in blowing and chewing.

Buccinator

The __ is a major muscle for neck flexion; unilateral contraction rotates the head to the opposite side, while bilateral contraction flexes the neck.

Sternocleidomastoid

The __ is a dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities; its contraction increases thoracic cavity volume for inhalation.

Diaphragm (respiration)

The __ are the superficial layer of muscles between ribs, elevating them during inhalation.

External Intercostal Muscles

The __ are paired vertical abdominal muscles that flex the waist; they are known for the 'six pack' due to tendinous intersections.

Rectus Abdominis

The __ is a prominent back muscle aiding in upper limb movements, including extension, adduction, and internal rotation of the shoulder joint.

Latissimus Dorsi

The __ are a group of three paired muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) running vertically along the back, involved in extension and lateral flexion of the spine.

Erector Spinae Muscles

The __ (SITS) are the Supraspinatus (initiates abduction), Infraspinatus (external rotation), Teres Minor (assists external rotation), and Subscapularis (internal rotation).

Rotator Cuff Muscles

The __ is a major shoulder muscle that abducts, flexes, and extends the arm; it is a common site for intramuscular injections.

Deltoid

The __ is a key elbow flexor and assists in shoulder flexion.

Biceps Brachii

The __ is the principal extensor of the elbow.

Triceps Brachii

The __, composed of the iliacus and psoas major, is a prime hip flexor.

Iliopsoas

The __ is the major extensor of the hip, also involved in lateral rotation.

Gluteus Maximus

The __ is the major knee extensor, consisting of four heads: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.

Quadriceps Femoris

The __ includes the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus, which are muscles that flex the knee.

Hamstring Group

__ is a condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel, causing tingling and weakness in the hand.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

The most common type of hernia, especially in males, where abdominal contents protrude through a weakened area in the lower abdominal wall into the inguinal canal, is an __.

Inguinal Hernia

A __ occurs when a portion of the stomach pushes upward through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, often causing heartburn and acid reflux.

Hiatal Hernia

An __ is a protrusion of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall at the navel (belly button), common in infants.

Umbilical Hernia

__ are less common hernias that occur when tissue pushes through a weak spot in the lower abdomen into the femoral canal, near the groin and upper thigh, and are more prevalent in women.

Femoral Hernia

An __ develops at the site of a previous surgical incision in the abdominal wall.

Incisional Hernia