Homer’s Iliad Passages: Epic Themes and Character Analysis

[PASSAGE 001] A goddess is asked to sing about rage, dead Greeks, and bodies left for animals. — Who/what is this?

Narrator → Muse. Achilles' feud with Agamemnon hurts the whole army. Patterns: invocation, double motivation, denied burial. (1.1-8). Slides 02, p.12 [file:12]

[PASSAGE 002] One hill, two names: one human and one divine. — Who/what is this?

Narrator: humans call it Batieia/Thorn Hill; gods call it the Barrow of Myrine the Dancer. Pattern: divine knowledge. (2.927-930). Slides 02, p.13 [file:12]

[PASSAGE 003] The poet cannot name the army without the Muses. — Who/what is this?

Narrator → Olympian Muses, daughters of Zeus. They know directly; humans only hear reports. Pattern: invocation/collective memory. (2.522-533). Slides 02, p.14 [file:12]

[PASSAGE 004] Remember those temples and sacrifices? Please hear my prayer. — Who/what is this?

Chryses → Apollo, named through local cult titles. Pattern: prayer/request formula. (1.45-50). Slides 02, p.16 [file:12]

[PASSAGE 005] I helped you before; now honor my short-lived son. — Who/what is this?

Thetis → Zeus for Achilles, dishonored by Agamemnon's seizure of his prize. Patterns: reciprocal prayer; timē. (1.533-537). Slides 02, p.16 [file:12]

[PASSAGE 006] An angry warrior starts drawing his sword; only he sees the goddess grab his hair. — Who/what is this?

Athena restrains Achilles during the Agamemnon feud; Achilles chooses to obey. Pattern: double motivation. (1.203-228). Slides 03, p.6 [file:11]

[PASSAGE 007] A sleepless god plans a misleading dream to help one hero and hurt the army. — Who/what is this?

Zeus plans to send Agamemnon a Dream to honor Achilles. Pattern: double motivation. (2.3-10). Slides 03, p.7 [file:11]

[PASSAGE 008] Why fight the Trojans? They never stole my animals or ruined my farm. — Who/what is this?

Achilles → Agamemnon; Achilles names Phthia as home. Pattern: warrior-king coalition. (1.158-166). Slides 03, p.9 [file:11]

[PASSAGE 009] The commander refuses to be the only Greek without a prize. — Who/what is this?

Agamemnon demands a replacement geras. Pattern: geras/timē. (1.127-128). Slides 03, p.11 [file:11]

[PASSAGE 010] I worked for that prize, and the army gave it to me. — Who/what is this?

Achilles → Agamemnon about his threatened geras. Pattern: prize as public honor. (1.170-173). Slides 03, p.11 [file:11]

[PASSAGE 011] One man is stronger; the other rules more people. — Who/what is this?

Nestor balances Achilles' prowess against Agamemnon's royal timē, while defending the allotted prize. Pattern: warrior-kings. (1.290-296). Slides 03, p.12 [file:11]

[PASSAGE 012] The enemy would love seeing our best men fight each other. — Who/what is this?

Nestor → Achilles and Agamemnon, praising excellence in council and battle. Pattern: elite leadership. (1.270-273). Slides 03, p.13 [file:11]

[PASSAGE 013] An unimpressive-looking man speaks—and suddenly nobody cares about his looks. — Who/what is this?

Antenor → Helen, comparing Menelaus' and Odysseus' public speaking. Odysseus overwhelms listeners. Pattern: excellence in council. (3.227-240). Slides 03, p.13 [file:11]

[PASSAGE 014] The narrator describes an insulting soldier as ugly and hostile to nobles. — Who/what is this?

Narrator describes Thersites after Agamemnon's troop test. Pattern: status and authorized speech. (2.231-240). Slides 03, p.14 [file:11]

[PASSAGE 015] A brother mocks the handsome prince who went overseas and brought home someone else's woman. — Who/what is this?

Hector → Paris/Alexander. Patterns: broken xenia; shame. (3.45-54). Slides 04, p.3 [file:10]

[PASSAGE 016] Helen recognizes the Cretan commander because her old household hosted him. — Who/what is this?

Helen identifies Idomeneus and recalls Menelaus' hospitality. Pattern: xenia. (3.246-250). Slides 04, p.4 [file:10]

[PASSAGE 017] A duel would settle the woman/property dispute and let both armies swear friendship. — Who/what is this?

Proposal: Paris versus Menelaus; Trojans stay, Greeks return home. Speaker not labeled on slide. Patterns: xenia oaths; settlement. (3.271-277). Slides 04, p.4 [file:10]

[PASSAGE 018] Helen weaves the war into a red mantle. — Who/what is this?

Iris, disguised as Laodice, finds Helen weaving Greek/Trojan suffering. Pattern: objects carrying stories. (3.124-130). Slides 04, p.5 [file:10]

[PASSAGE 019] Helen talks back to a goddess, who threatens to turn love into hate. — Who/what is this?

Helen defies Aphrodite, then becomes afraid. Pattern: divine coercion. (3.434-446). Slides 04, p.6 [file:10]

[PASSAGE 020] One god considers peace; another refuses to waste all her work against Troy. — Who/what is this?

Zeus and Hera debate war, peace, and Helen's return. Pattern: divine politics. (4.19-36). Slides 04, p.7 [file:10]

[PASSAGE 021] I shot two of their best fighters—and only made them madder. — Who/what is this?

Pandarus names Diomedes and Menelaus. Pattern: Diomedes' aristeia. (5.226-228). Slides 04, p.8 [file:10]

[PASSAGE 022] A lion-like defender faces a stone two present-day men could not lift. — Who/what is this?

Aeneas protects Pandarus' corpse; Diomedes lifts the huge stone. Patterns: lion simile; epic distance. (5.324-332). Slides 04, p.9 [file:10]

[PASSAGE 023] A goddess gets wounded, but her body does not work like ours. — Who/what is this?

Diomedes wounds Aphrodite; the narrator explains ichor and divine diet. Patterns: aristeia; mortality. (5.355-368). Slides 04, p.10 [file:10]

[PASSAGE 024] Spare me—my father has plenty of treasure. — Who/what is this?

An unnamed captive appeals to a son of Atreus; the paired slide response identifies Menelaus. Pattern: ransom. (6.46-50). Slides 05, p.2 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 025] No mercy—not even for Trojan children still unborn. — Who/what is this?

Agamemnon rebukes Menelaus for considering ransom. Patterns: refused ransom; xenia inverted. (6.55-60). Slides 05, p.2 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 026] A distant ally risks everything while the local defenders slack off. — Who/what is this?

Sarpedon → Hector, contrasting his Lycian family/wealth with Troy's danger. Pattern: shame culture. (5.509-524). Slides 05, p.3 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 027] People are dying because of you, and you are sitting out the fighting. — Who/what is this?

Hector shames Paris back toward battle. Pattern: shame culture. (6.341-345). Slides 05, p.4 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 028] Our terrible fate will become a song for future people. — Who/what is this?

Helen → Hector about herself and Paris. Pattern: kleos. (6.373-376). Slides 05, p.4 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 029] I worry too, but I cannot face what the Trojans would say if I stayed out. — Who/what is this?

Hector → Andromache. Pattern: shame culture versus family safety. (6.462-465). Slides 05, p.5 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 030] You handle the loom; war is the men's job—especially mine. — Who/what is this?

Hector → Andromache. Pattern: gendered duties. (6.515-518). Slides 05, p.5 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 031] Your courage will kill you; you are my whole family now. — Who/what is this?

Andromache → Hector, fearing widowhood and their child's orphanhood. Pattern: costs of the heroic code. (6.427-454). Slides 05, p.6 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 032] The worst future is my wife dragged away to weave and carry water for others. — Who/what is this?

Hector imagines Andromache enslaved after Troy falls. Pattern: human trafficking. (6.470-482). Slides 05, p.7 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 033] A future sailor sees my enemy's tomb and remembers that I killed him. — Who/what is this?

Hector promises to return a defeated Greek champion's body. Patterns: kleos; tomb; objects carrying stories. (7.84-94). Slides 05, p.8 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 034] Two opponents exchange gifts so everyone remembers their friendly parting. — Who/what is this?

Hector and Telemonian Ajax after their duel. Patterns: gift exchange; objects carrying stories. (7.302-316). Slides 05, p.10 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 035] Their new wall will eclipse ours—and they did not sacrifice properly. — Who/what is this?

Poseidon → Zeus about the Greek wall and the wall he/Apollo built for Laomedon. Patterns: kleos competition; reciprocity. (7.461-468). Slides 05, p.11 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 036] Two death-dooms go on golden scales; the Greek side sinks. — Who/what is this?

Zeus weighs the armies' dooms at midday. Pattern: fate. (8.71-79). Slides 05, p.12 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 037] Capture those famous pieces of armor and the Greeks will leave. — Who/what is this?

Hector urges the advance toward Nestor's shield and Diomedes' Hephaestus-made corselet. Pattern: objects with kleos. (8.191-196). Slides 05, p.13 [file:8]

[PASSAGE 038] I acted badly and will pay—but he still needs to submit to me. — Who/what is this?

Agamemnon offers amends to Achilles while asserting greater age and kingship. Pattern: restoring timē. (9.120-165). Slides 06, p.2 [file:9]

[PASSAGE 039] The embassy finds Achilles singing old heroes' glories on a looted lyre. — Who/what is this?

Achilles at the Myrmidon ships; lyre taken from Eëtion's town. Patterns: hero-bard; kleos; storied objects. (9.189-194). Slides 06, p.3 [file:9]

[PASSAGE 040] Gold, vessels, horses, women, and a royal marriage if you stop being angry. — Who/what is this?

Odysseus delivers Agamemnon's offer to Achilles. Patterns: geras/timē; trafficking; marriage alliance. (9.263-286). Slides 06, p.4 [file:9]

[PASSAGE 041] Short life plus undying fame—or long life without it. — Who/what is this?

Achilles reports Thetis' two-fates warning. Pattern: heroic kleos. (9.423-429). Slides 06, p.5 [file:9]

[PASSAGE 042] Old heroes got angry too; their stories show they could be persuaded. — Who/what is this?

Phoenix introduces Meleager's story to Achilles. Pattern: heroic memory as education. (9.539-543). Slides 06, p.6 [file:9]

[PASSAGE 043] Come back after the gifts are gone and you will get less honor—even if you save us. — Who/what is this?

Phoenix warns Achilles after the Meleager story. Pattern: timē through gifts. (9.619-622). Slides 06, p.6 [file:9]

[PASSAGE 044] Even someone whose relative was murdered can accept payment and calm down. — Who/what is this?

Ajax criticizes Achilles' refusal to settle. Pattern: compensation limits revenge. (9.649-657). Slides 06, p.7 [file:9]

[PASSAGE 045] Give me the smart, brave partner whom Athena likes. — Who/what is this?

Diomedes chooses Odysseus for the night mission. Patterns: practical intelligence; divine support. (10.250-255). Slides 06, p.8 [file:9]

[PASSAGE 046] The boar-tooth helmet gets a whole history of theft, gifts, and inheritance. — Who/what is this?

Meriones equips Odysseus; helmet passes through Autolycus, Amphidamas, Molus, and Meriones. Pattern: objects carrying stories. (10.269-281). Slides 06, p.9 [file:9]

[PASSAGE 047] The spy wears animal skins; the narrator already tells us he will not come back. — Who/what is this?

Dolon leaves Hector after an empty oath, wearing wolf skin and a weasel cap. Pattern: foreknowledge. (10.347-352). Slides 06, p.10 [file:9]

[PASSAGE 048] A god wakes a camp after another god helped the raiders slaughter its leader. — Who/what is this?

Apollo wakes Hippocoön after Athena aided Diomedes against Rhesus' camp. Pattern: rival divine patronage. (10.531-543). Slides 06, p.11 [file:9]

[PASSAGE 049] The goddess hears the prayers; the spies go through the dark like lions. — Who/what is this?

Diomedes and Odysseus begin their mission with Athena's favor. Patterns: lion simile; prayer. (10.309-311). Slides 06, p.12 [file:9]

[PASSAGE 050] After the raid: dedicate spoils, wash, eat, and pour wine for the goddess. — Who/what is this?

Odysseus and the returning raiders acknowledge Athena. Patterns: reciprocity; reintegration. (10.586-594). Slides 06, p.12 [file:9]

[PASSAGE 051] Help me now, and you will get a heifer with gilded horns. — Who/what is this?

Diomedes → Athena after recalling her help to his father. Pattern: prayer/request formula. (10.304-308). Slides 07, p.2 [file:7]

[PASSAGE 052] Locals stay awake; the distant allies sleep because their families are elsewhere. — Who/what is this?

Dolon reports the Trojan camp's arrangements to the Greek raiders. Pattern: defenders versus allies. (10.426-435). Slides 07, p.3 [file:7]

[PASSAGE 053] A king arms himself in a spectacular breastplate sent from Cyprus. — Who/what is this?

Agamemnon wears Cinyras' xenia gift before his aristeia. Patterns: arming scene; storied objects. (11.19-28). Slides 07, p.4 [file:7]

[PASSAGE 054] Two royal brothers once ransomed alive are now killed and stripped. — Who/what is this?

Agamemnon kills Priam's sons Isus and Antiphus, formerly captured/released by Achilles. Pattern: ransom. (11.105-118). Slides 07, p.6 [file:7]

[PASSAGE 055] Your arrow barely scratched me; my spear makes widows and orphans. — Who/what is this?

Diomedes insults Paris through feminine/childish comparisons. Patterns: shame; weapon hierarchy; denied burial. (11.408-418). Slides 07, p.7 [file:7]

[PASSAGE 056] Birds will eat you, but my own people would bury me. — Who/what is this?

Odysseus → Socus. Pattern: funeral honor and community boundaries. (11.479-483). Slides 07, p.8 [file:7]

[PASSAGE 057] Our best men are wounded; why does the absent hero not care? — Who/what is this?

Nestor → Patroclus about Achilles and injured Greek leaders. Pattern: individual grievance versus common need. (11.699-709). Slides 07, p.9 [file:7]

[PASSAGE 058] The narrator jumps ahead: gods and rivers will erase the Greek wall. — Who/what is this?

Poseidon and Apollo destroy the wall after the war. Patterns: divine kleos; epic distance. (12.10-38). Slides 07, p.11 [file:7]

[PASSAGE 059] We get the best food, seats, and land—so we must fight at the front. — Who/what is this?

Sarpedon → Glaucus, both Lycian leaders. Patterns: heroic code; promachoi; warrior-kings. (12.320-338). Slides 07, p.12 [file:7]

[PASSAGE 060] A sea god takes giant steps and rides a golden chariot through welcoming waves. — Who/what is this?

Poseidon travels from his palace at Aegae to the Greek ships. Pattern: divine characterization. (13.19-35). Slides 08, p.2 [file:6]

[PASSAGE 061] Shields overlap and helmets touch around the two Ajaxes. — Who/what is this?

The Greeks form tight columns awaiting Hector/Trojans. Pattern: phalanx-like collective fighting. (13.128-138). Slides 08, p.3 [file:6]

[PASSAGE 062] A brave fighter's wound will be in front, not in his back. — Who/what is this?

Speaker/addressee are not labeled on the slide. Pattern: promachoi and visible courage. (13.287-302). Slides 08, p.4 [file:6]

[PASSAGE 063] He offers military victory instead of wedding gifts—and gets killed before delivering. — Who/what is this?

Othryoneus of Cabesus seeks Priam's daughter Cassandra; Idomeneus kills him. Pattern: marriage alliance. (13.378-388). Slides 08, p.5 [file:6]

[PASSAGE 064] His father predicts disease at home or death at Troy; he sails anyway. — Who/what is this?

Euchenor knows Polyidus' prophecy. Pattern: choice within mortality. (13.697-701). Slides 08, p.6 [file:6]

[PASSAGE 065] A commander gets called out for talking about launching ships during battle. — Who/what is this?

Odysseus rebukes Agamemnon. Patterns: counsel; shame; warrior-kings. (14.80-92). Slides 08, p.8 [file:6]

[PASSAGE 066] A goddess plans beauty, sex, and sleep to derail her husband's war policy. — Who/what is this?

Hera sees Poseidon helping and decides to trick Zeus. Pattern: divine politics/gendered power. (14.149-161). Slides 08, p.10 [file:6]

[PASSAGE 067] Sleep remembers the last favor almost got him thrown out of heaven. — Who/what is this?

Sleep → Hera about deceiving Zeus during Heracles' voyage; Night protected him. Pattern: unequal divine favors. (14.251-262). Slides 08, p.11 [file:6]

[PASSAGE 068] You are more irresistible than all my previous lovers—here is the list. — Who/what is this?

Zeus → Hera, naming divine/mortal partners and children. Patterns: anthropomorphic gods; sexual double standard. (14.318-332). Slides 08, p.12 [file:6]

[PASSAGE 069] Stop chasing the exceptional horses; something important is happening around the corpse. — Who/what is this?

Apollo as Mentes redirects Hector toward Patroclus' body, where Menelaus killed Euphorbus. Patterns: divine motivation; honor-bearing objects. (17.69-77). Slides 10, p.2 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 070] The defender of a corpse is compared to a lioness protecting cubs. — Who/what is this?

Ajax shields Patroclus; Menelaus joins him. Pattern: lion simile. (17.130-136). Slides 10, p.3 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 071] He wears another hero's immortal armor, but Zeus says he will never take it home. — Who/what is this?

Hector puts on Achilles' armor stripped from Patroclus. Pattern: objects and mortal limits. (17.196-207). Slides 10, p.4 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 072] The hero has heard divine plans but still does not know his best friend is dead. — Who/what is this?

Achilles expects Patroclus to return; Thetis has not disclosed this loss. Pattern: limited human knowledge. (17.411-423). Slides 10, p.5 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 073] Immortal horses cry, stand like a tomb marker, and dirty their manes. — Who/what is this?

Achilles' horses mourn Patroclus; Zeus pities their exposure to human pain. Patterns: lament; mortal/divine divide. (17.447-461). Slides 10, p.6 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 074] The defenders keep a corpse, but cannot drive away the hungry lion-like attacker. — Who/what is this?

Hector struggles against the two Ajaxes over Patroclus. Pattern: lion simile. (18.162-175). Slides 10, p.7 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 075] Dust, ash, torn hair, and captive women beating their breasts. — Who/what is this?

Achilles and captive women mourn Patroclus. Patterns: ritual lament; pollution of mourners. (18.22-33). Slides 10, p.8 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 076] The household starts mourning the warrior while he is still alive. — Who/what is this?

Andromache and servants lament Hector before his death. Pattern: anticipatory ritual lament. (6.522-529). Slides 10, p.9 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 077] A divine mother remembers raising her son like a plant and knows he will not return. — Who/what is this?

Thetis leads the Nereids' lament for living Achilles. Pattern: anticipatory lament. (18.53-63). Slides 10, p.9 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 078] A goddess gives a hero her aegis and a fiery golden halo. — Who/what is this?

Athena surrounds Achilles with divine radiance. Pattern: supernatural heroic enhancement. (18.213-218). Slides 10, p.11 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 079] The limping craftsman is supported by golden girls who think, speak, and know crafts. — Who/what is this?

Hephaestus and his artificial attendants. Pattern: divine craftsmanship. (18.440-452). Slides 10, p.12 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 080] A shield shows a city arguing about compensation for murder. — Who/what is this?

Hephaestus makes Achilles' shield with weddings and a blood-money dispute. Pattern: conflict within a community. (18.521-539). Slides 10, p.13 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 081] The shield's other city faces armies deciding between slaughter and taking wealth. — Who/what is this?

Hephaestus' shield: Ares and Athena lead smaller human figures. Patterns: external conflict; divine hierarchy. (18.548-560). Slides 10, p.14 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 082] The shield also includes young people dancing, compared with a famous Cretan dance floor. — Who/what is this?

Hephaestus' work recalls Daedalus' work for Ariadne at Knossos/Cnossos. Patterns: Bronze Age memory; community. (18.634-638). Slides 10, p.15 [file:4]

[PASSAGE 083] The army fears the divine armor; its owner loves it and gets even angrier. — Who/what is this?

Thetis brings Hephaestus' armor to Achilles and the Myrmidons. Pattern: inhuman heroic rage. (19.19-28). Slides 11, p.2 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 084] A goddess keeps the dead companion fresh with nectar and ambrosia. — Who/what is this?

Thetis preserves Patroclus so Achilles can return to assembly/war. Pattern: divine corpse preservation. (19.42-51). Slides 11, p.4 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 085] Our feud only helped the enemy; I am ending this anger. — Who/what is this?

Achilles → Agamemnon, regretting the Greek deaths tied to their dispute over the captive woman. Pattern: redirected rage. (19.68-79). Slides 11, p.5 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 086] It was not me: Zeus, Fate, a Fury, and blind folly made me take the prize. — Who/what is this?

Agamemnon explains his action through Atē and other divine causes. Pattern: double motivation/responsibility. (19.98-108). Slides 11, p.7 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 087] Give the gifts or keep them—just let us fight now. — Who/what is this?

Achilles → Agamemnon after Patroclus' death. Patterns: timē/geras displaced by revenge. (19.160-167). Slides 11, p.8 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 088] Skip food; all I care about is blood and suffering. — Who/what is this?

Achilles rejects the meal and wants immediate combat. Pattern: antisocial rage. (19.215-226). Slides 11, p.10 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 089] The captive woman mourns the friend who promised her a wedding after her family was killed. — Who/what is this?

Briseis laments Patroclus; other women mourn their own losses. Patterns: ritual lament; trafficking. (19.305-319). Slides 11, p.11 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 090] I thought my friend would outlive me and bring my son home to the family property. — Who/what is this?

Achilles had hoped Patroclus would guide Neoptolemus from Scyrus to Phthia. Pattern: friendship/household continuity. (19.349-355). Slides 11, p.12 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 091] The fasting hero gets supernatural food put inside him. — Who/what is this?

Athena gives Achilles nectar and ambrosia so hunger will not weaken him. Pattern: aristeia preparation. (19.371-378). Slides 11, p.13 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 092] A horse speaks: speed cannot save you, and a man plus a god will kill you. — Who/what is this?

Hera gives Xanthus speech; the horse warns Achilles and names Apollo in Patroclus' death. Patterns: fate; double motivation. (19.436-446). Slides 11, p.14 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 093] The top god worries one enraged hero might do more than his allotted part. — Who/what is this?

Zeus fears Achilles could take Troy beyond his fate. Pattern: divine regulation of heroic excess. (20.29-33). Slides 11, p.15 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 094] God lines up against god; a river even has separate divine and human names. — Who/what is this?

Divine matchups include Athena/Ares, Poseidon/Apollo, Hephaestus/Xanthus-Scamander. Pattern: rival divine powers. (20.71-79). Slides 11, p.15 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 095] The lion gets wounded, whips itself into fury, and charges the whole village. — Who/what is this?

Narrator compares Achilles to the lion. Pattern: lion simile. (20.170-180). Slides 11, p.16 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 096] Save the enemy warrior: his offerings matter, and his family line must continue. — Who/what is this?

Poseidon argues for Aeneas' survival and Dardanus' lineage. Patterns: divine reciprocity; fate; genealogy. (20.302-311). Slides 11, p.17 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 097] Avoid this opponent until his destined death; then fight up front again. — Who/what is this?

Poseidon warns Aeneas away from Achilles. Patterns: fate; promachoi. (20.340-347). Slides 11, p.17 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 098] One goddess blows a spear away; another god hides the target in mist. — Who/what is this?

Athena protects Achilles; Apollo rescues Hector. Pattern: double motivation. (20.452-461). Slides 11, p.18 [file:5]

[PASSAGE 099] Twelve live Trojan boys are tied up as payment for a dead friend. — Who/what is this?

Achilles selects victims for Patroclus after the river slaughter. Pattern: revenge/human sacrifice. (21.20-39). Slides 12, p.2 [file:3]

[PASSAGE 100] The man once sold abroad is caught again; this time ransom is refused. — Who/what is this?

Priam's son Lycaon meets Achilles again; Patroclus' death has changed Achilles' policy. Patterns: sale; ransom; rage. (21.40-111). Slides 12, p.3 [file:3]