Professionalism

Angina

pain caused by lack of blood to the heart

Arrhythmia

without rhythm

Flutter

rapid but regular heart contractions

fibrillation

rapid, disorganized and ineffectual heart contractions

Aneurysm

local widening of the artery caused by weakening of the arterial wall

Acute coronary syndrome

sudden reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries causing the heart to function improperly or stop beating.

Ischemia

inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body

Coronary artery disease

any abnormal condition affecting the arteries of the heart

Electrocardiography

measures the hearts electrical activity

Holter monitor

portable electrocardiographic device

Cardiac catheterization

catheter into the heart to detect blood flow and pressure

Cardiac catheter ablation

catheterization to destroy abnormal tissue

Angiography

image of blood vessels after contrast material injection

Doppler ultrasound

used to measure the speed and direction of blood flow in the heart AKA echocardiography

Multigated acquisition (MUGA) scan

video images of the heart beating

Serum enzyme tests

can detect myocardial infarctions

serum lipid tests

can test for coronary artery disease risk factors (high cholesterol. triglycerides)

Lipoprotein electrophoresis

blood separation to see LDL and HDL levels

Technetium 99m sestamibi scan

accesses coronary blood flow and myocardial viability

Thallium stress testing

accesses blood flow to the myocardium during exercise after the injection of thallium 201.

Positron emission tomography (PET)

injection of radioactive chemicals to create cross sectional images of heart blood flow and muscle activity.

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator

pacemaker

thrombolytic therapy

using drugs to dissolve clots before they cause a heart attack

coronary artery bypass graft

a blood vessel is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to bypass the area of occlusion

endarterectomy

fatty deposits are surgically removed from the innermost lining of the artery

Inflammatory bowel disease

autoimmune disorder w/ diarrhea, bleeding and pain

Crohn disease

IBD in the last portion of the ileum

Ulcerative colitis

IBD in the colon

Irritable bowel syndrome

diarrhea, constipation, bloating and abdominal pain

anal fistula

abnormal tubelike passageway near the anus

anal fissure

painful narrow slit in the mucous membrane of the anus

Polyp

benign growth that protrudes from the mucous membrane

colonic polyposis

polyps in the colon

Diverticulosis

abnormal saclike outpouchings (diverticula) in the colon wall

diverticulitis

inflammation and infection within the diverticula

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

jaundice

yellow bile pigments accumulate in the blood and deposit in the skin and eyes.

Hyperbilirubinemia

excess bilirubin in the blood

hepatocellular carcinoma

primary cancer of the liver

cholelithiasis

gallstones

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

procedures for diagnosing digestive conditions

• computed tomography (CT)

• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

• barium tests

Barium test

barium mixture in GI tract and then x-ray images

Lower GI series AKA…

barium enema

Upper GI series AKA

barium swallow

Endoscopic ultrasound

images of the walls and lining of the GI tract and nearby organs

cholangiography

radiographic examination of the bile ducts after a contrast material is injected through the liver or through a catheter

Hemoccult test

testing the feces for blood

Stool culture

examines the feces for microorganisms

Liver enzyme/function tests

measure the presence of liver enzymes such as alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in the blood.

endoscopy

visual examination of a hollow organ via endoscope

esophagoscopy

using an esophagoscope to visualize the esophagus

gastroscopy

using a gastroscope

Virtual colonoscopy AKA CT colonography

two- or three- dimensional images of the colon are produced using CT scans, MRIs and computers.

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

contrast medium injected via a catheter through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum and then into the bile ducts.

Colostomy

opening into the colon used for the passage of stool.

ileostomy

surgical creation of a new opening from the ileum to the outside of the body.

anastomosis

surgical creation of an opening between two GI organs (ex. between the stomach and a section of the intestine)

cholecystectomy

removal of the gallbladder

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy

using special surgical tools and a miniature video inserted into 4 incisions in the abdomen. Fills the abdomen with CO2 gas to make room for the tools. No large incision required.

Acromegaly

gradual enlargement of the bones of the face, jaw and extremities due to growth hormone hypersecretion

Goiter

enlargement of the thyroid

Hyperthyroidismmost common form

Graves disease

Exophthalmic goiter

AKA graves disease and causes an abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs caused by increased deposits of fat in the tissues at the back of the eye socket

Exophthalmos

protruding eyes

Cushing syndrome

obesity caused by hypersecretion of cortisol

Type 1 diabetes

onset during childhood and involves an insulin deficiency

Type 2 diabetes

develops in adulthood and involves some insulin deficiency and loss of ability to respond to insulin

fasting blood sugar

measures the body’s ability to break down and use glucose

glucose tolerance test

measures the body’s response to a concentrated glucose solution

radioimmunoassay studies

tag and detect hormones in the blood

thyroid function tests

access T3, T4 and calcitonin levels.

Radioactive iodine uptake test

administering iodine and accessing the amount absorbed by the thyroid gland.

exophthalmometry

measures the forward displacement of the eyes in Graves disease

pregnancy tests measure…

the level of human chorionic gonadotropin in the blood and urine of a woman who is pregnant.

Mennorrhagia

excessively heavy periods

Amenorrhea

absence of menstrual flow

Dysmenorrhea

painful menstrual flow

Endometriosis

when tissue from the inner lining of the uterus abnormally occurs in other pelvic or abdominal locations.

Ectopic pregnancy

pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus

Fibroid / myoma / leiomyoma

benign growths that consist of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue

Pelvic inflammatory disease

inflammation in the pelvis, AKA salpingitis when it affects the fallopian tubes

Mammography

x-ray imaging of the breast

Pap smear

taking a sample of cervical and vaginal secretions for microscopic analysis

Cervical dysplasia

abnormal changes to the cells on the surface of the cervix

Colposcopy

visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a small magnifying instrument

Hysterosalpingography

x-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after the injection of a contrast dye

Cryosurgery

using liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue

Pelvic ultrasonography

imaging deep body structures by measuring and recording sound waves using a transducer

Transvaginal ultrasound

uses a transducer in the vaginal canal to obtain a sharper image of internal structures

Uterine artery embolization

injecting tiny pellets into fibroids to block blood flow and shrink them

Myomectomy

excision of the fibroid

Hysterectomy

removal of the uterus

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

immune response deficiency or suppression due to lymphocyte destruction after HIV exposure.

Mononucleosis

acute infection with enlarged lymph nodes and a proliferation of monocytes and lymphocytes in the bloodstream.

sarcoidosis

inflammatory disease causing formation of granulomas or clumps of immune cells on the lymph nodes and other organs.

mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)

group of pathogens that cause lung disease

Pneumocytis pneumonia

infection common in patients with AIDS

Lymphoma

cancer that includes malignant neoplasms of the lymph nodes and lymph tissues

Two major types of lymphoma

• Hodgkin disease/lymphoma

• non-Hodgkin lymphoma