Pathology unit 1

gender gap

women live longer than men by about 5 years. because women produce estrogen which protects against cardiovascular disease

top five causes of death in usa

heart disease- cancer- accidents- chronic respiratory disease- stroke

cell membrane

regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell

consists of protein and lipid

mitochondria

responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

creates, folds, and transports proteins within the cell

smooth ER

stores and transports steroids, filters poisons

golgi complex

modifies proteins and lipids from the ER

lysosomes

Digestion and recycling of cellular waste and debris.

nucleus

control center of the cell

surrounded by double membrane

necrosis

cell death caused by trauma

heterolysis

digestive enzymes from other cells break down the dead cell

anoxia - three main types

cell damage from lack of oxygen

anemia, occlusion, co poisoning

anemia

not enough oxygen getting to tissue- deficiency of RBC

iron deficiency, sickle cell

occlusion

blockage of blood vessels

co poisoning

type of anoxia- co attaches to FE

biological causes of cell death

Biological causes of cell death include apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis.

viral infections and cell death

????

longevity in USA

life expectancy is 78

vaccinations

a weakened form of a disease which causes your immune system to respond and can identify the disease in the future

autolysis

cells self-digest due to the action of their own enzymes. commonly occurs in cells after death

hypertrophy

refers to an increase in cell size, leading to enlarged tissue or organ

organelles

specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions. Examples include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

cell death

anoxia and apoptosis

physical factors of cell death

granular appearance - white spots- clumping of nuclear material- swelling

pus

 thick whitish-yellow fluid resulting from the accumulation of wbc, liquified tissue, and cellular debris

histamine

released to draw cells apart, causes dilation

ulcer

are of tissue erosion

abscess

local accumulation of pus

symptom

subjective abnormalites felt by the patient

• pain, fatigue

chronic

disease that develops slowly and lasts for a long time

epidemic

disease that spreads to a large amount of people in a certain region at the same time

endemic

disease found in a certain region or in a specific race of people

diagnosis

identification of the disease

sign

objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured by a doctor

• abnormal heart sounds, blood pressure

acute

signs/symptoms appear quickly and disappear after a short period of time

idiopathic

diseases with undetermined causes

pandemic

epidemics that affect entire continents or worldwide

syndrome

collection of different signs/symptoms that present a clear picture of the condition

aging

two theories

• time: cells have a programmed lifespan

• wear and tear: cells accumulate errors over time until they cannot efficiently function

vasoconstriction

the narrowing of blood vessels, leading to decreased blood flow and increased blood pressure

phagocytes vs lymphocytes

Phagocytes: white blood cell that engulfs and digests foreign particles, such as bacteria and dead cells, to protect the body from infections.

Lymphocytes: type of wbc involved in the immune response, including B cells and T cells. allows the body to recognize and remember invaders and help to destroy them

inflammation

most common response of the body to injury- inflammatory response is engaged to destroy or remove dead cells

signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain

lymphokines

???

leukocytes

cells of the immune system (white blood cells)

types: phagocytes and lymphocytes

macrophages

engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, and cancer cells in a process called phagocytosis.

helper t cells

a type of T lymphocyte that play a crucial role in the immune system by activating and coordinating other immune cells.

killer t cells

can directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic molecules. They play a crucial role in the immune response against pathogens and abnormal cells.

memory t cells

have encountered an antigen before and are able to mount a faster and stronger immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen. They provide long-lasting immunity.

b lymphocytes

produce antibodies that lock into antigens and prohibit viruses from entering cells - but cant destroy the antigen alone

b memory cells

b- lymphocytes that remain in the body and becomes a memory cell- produces a small amount of antibodies every year

suppressor t cells

after infection is controlled, they stop the activity of other b/t cells to keep the immune system balanced