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What does muscle consist of

Protein and water

What % of muscle is water

70%

What part of the carcass is lean

Muscle

Is muscle more or less energy dense than fat

Less

Why is lean tissue relatively cheap to deposit compared to fat

Fat tissue has little water causing it to be more difficult to deposit compared to lean tissue which is mostly water and protein

What is the pathway of energy (energy partitioning)

Gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy

How is gross energy lost

Fecal energy

How is digestible energy lost

Urine and methane (produced from rumen)

How is metabolizable energy lost

Loss in heat increment

What is heat increment

Production of heat during digestion

What does net energy become used for

Maintenance and production

What are the three types of muscle tissue

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

How are skeletal muscles characterized

They are striated (cross striations) and voluntarily controlled

What are the proteins that skeletal muscle striations are caused by

Actin (thin) and myosin (thick)

Do filaments shorten during contraction?

No, they slide past each other.

What are some functions of skeletal muscles

Movement, body temp, posture, joint stabilization, provide power for movement of body parts

What do extensor muscles do

increase angle between members of a limb (straightening elbow)

What do flexor muscles do

decrease the angle between two bones on two sides of joint (bending knee)

What do abductor muscles do

move limb away from body (lifting leg away from body)

What do adductor muscles do

Cause part to move towards body plane (brings legs together and rotates them inwards)

What are the 4 different quality grades of youthful beef cattle

A, AA, AAA, B1-4

What are 2 different quality grades of mature beef cattle

D1-4 or E

What are the 4 factors considered in beef yield

External fat depth, ribeye area, hot carcass weight, estimate of kidney, heart, pelvic fat

What does KPH stand for in yield grading?

kidney, pelvic, and heart fat

What are the 5 factors of carcass quality segregation

Age, sex, fat, muscle, meat

What factor affects meat colour

Stress can cause meat to turn darker

What makes up smooth muscle

Spindle shaped cells containing a single nucleus

What does smooth muscle surround

Hollow internal structures like GIT, blood vessels, organs etc

What classifies smooth muscles

Contracts slowly and less strength than other two, increased stretch compared to other two, involuntary but autonomic control

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary but autonomic control

What does the circulatory system consist of

Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and lymphatic system

What does the lymphatic system consist of

Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, bone marrow

What organ is part of both immune and lymphatic system

Spleen

What is the function of circulatory system

Transport nutrients and waste products, gases, water, and hormones, also distributes heat

route of pulmonary circulation

Deoxygenated blood thru pulmonary artery to lungs, oxygenated in capillaries, brought back to heart thru pulmonary vein

Route of systemic circulation

Oxygenated blood thru aorta to body tissues, capillaries allow for crossover or nutrients and vena cava carries blood back to heart

Do arteries or veins have valves

Only veins, since they are low pressure and need to prevent backflow when traveling back to heart

What is the difference between bovine hearts and poultry hearts

Poultry have the aorta arching to the right side due to developmental changes during cell division

What are the atria

receiving chambers of the heart

What are the ventricles

Pumping chambers of the heart

Where does the blood collected from the body go

Right atrium

Where does the blood from the head and shoulders go

Cranial vena cava

Where does the blood from the lower regions come from

Caudal vena cava

What does blood carry

Nutrients and waste products, oxygen from lungs to tissues, hormones from endocrine glands to other organs

What does blood transporth

Heat from tissues to body surface

What does blood contain

Buffers such as bicarbonate to maintain pH

What are some other functions of blood

Osmotic control (concentration gradient), clotting, disease control

Where are RBCs formed?

Red bone marrow

What do rbcs contain

hemoglobin

What mammal is most susceptible to nitrate poisoning

Cattle

Where are leukocytes formed

Red bone marrow and lymph glands

Which leukocytes are considered granulocytes

Basophils, neutrophils, eiosinophils

What are the other two leukocytes

Lymphocytes and monocytes

What are the functions of neutrophils and monocytes

Attach to sites of infection, ingest bacteria vis phagocytosis and destroy them

What is the function of eiosinophils

Control allergic and parasitic infection

Role of basophils

allergic and inflammatory response

Role of lymphocytes

Mediate immune response

What are the two types of lymphocytes and their differences

T lymphocytes: cellular immunity (does NOT depend on antibodies)

B lymphocytes: humoral immunity (antigen specific antibodies) maternal antibodies

What is the somatic cell count in milk

Check WBC's present in milk, index for health and milk quality

What is the point of differential wbc count

Measure % of each type of wbc

Stress increases # of neutrophils relative to lymphocytes

Eosinophils increase w/ parasites

What chemical do platelets release that is necessary for clotting

Fibrinogen

What is plasma made up of 9

90% water 10% solids

What is the 10% of solids in plasma made up of

Inorganic salts

Antibodies

Hormones

Vitamins

Enzymes

Glucose

Fats

Proteins

What is plasma vs what is serum

Plasma: liquid remaining when clotting prevented

Serum: liquid remaining after blood has clotted

What is a cow body temperature supposed to be

39 degrees Celsius

What are the two largest differences in the poultry respiratory system compared to say cattle

Poultry have parabronchi instead of alveoli for gas exchange as well as the absence of a diaphragm and presence of 4 air sacs